Religeous Ed Free Essays

Romanesque to Gothic Romanesque vs†¦ Gothic: Sculptural Decoration: Thin, prolonged, unique figures. Increasingly reasonable extents and individualized highlights. State of mind: Dark, desolate. We will compose a custom paper test on Religeous Ed or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Tall, light filled. Accentuation: Horizontal Vertical Elevation = How high the structure is Modest stature. Taking off Layout = The arrangement or plan of the structure Multiple units. Fundamental Trait = The principle highlight of the structure Rounded Arch. Pointed Arch. Emotionally supportive network = What Is utilized to help the structure? Docks (segments), thick dividers. Outside flying brace Engineering Barrel and Groin Vaults. Climate = The vibe of the spot Dim, grave. Brilliant, Airy. Outside = What is the outside like? Straightforward, serious. Unpredictable, enriched. Model: SST. Screen Toulouse, France Chartres Cathedral, France. The Change from Romanesque to Gothic Architecture: The change from Romanesque to Gothic started around the 1 strip Century. Explanations behind change are placed into three classes: Social, Technological, and Spiritual. Social Reasons for Change: populace, and toward the start of the fourteenth century, the fugue remained at seventy-3,000,000 individuals. A sentiment of trust later on was one of the components that offered ascend to the Gothic time. Mechanical Reasons for Change: The creation of the difference furrow, the new shoulder neckline for ponies, and increasingly proficient instruments contributed a development in farming creation, which up to that point had been very constrained. This made workers escape the land on the grounds that there was deficient space for them. Throughout the eleventh century, urban areas started to grow, while new urban areas were made or reawakened. This extension made it increasingly helpful for the laborers to move into the urban areas and look for some kind of employment. Markets were most regularly arranged in the urban areas, thus work was better accessible. Another Social Purpose behind Change: In the hour of the populace blast, the focal administrations of Europe was deficient, thus shippers needed to set up associations to direct professional interactions inside a city. The shipper organizations decided that in all honesty individuals from their society could sell stock inside a specific zone of the city. This made business progressively fruitful for dealers and gave a sentiment of trust later on. With traders getting increasingly fruitful, and with the towns extending, another class of individuals started to create in Europe. At the highest point of the scale were prosperous shippers and investors. The most effective method to refer to Religeous Ed, Papers

Individual Assignment Essay Example For Students

Singular Assignment Essay Thoroughly analyze two critical thinking strategies, select one of these and apply it to a circumstance in your association. The last ought to be written for a 'situation study' formatIntroduction ? What is a Problem?In a people proficient and public activity, they will have destinations or wanted results that they mean to reach. These might be in getting ready to take a family occasion or meeting a high deals focus at work. Over the span of accomplishing that objective they will experience either an event or obstruction that forestalls the individual accomplishing the ideal point or target. This condition or error is an issue. It is keeping the person from accomplishing their ideal situation in the way that they had arranged or had seen it would be accomplished. The critical thinking system that an association will decide to endeavor to tackle these issues will decide their technique and general way to deal with critical thinking. It will figure out what instruments and procedures they use to aid their procedures. The examination between a hard frameworks way to deal with critical thinking and a delicate frameworks approach gives us two altogether different viewpoints and depend on varying basic suspicions on how people collaborate. Hard Systems Thinking OptimisationIn the years after the Second World War, when exercises from military tasks were applied to mechanical organizations and Government offices, an enthusiasm for frameworks thoughts created in numerous fields. This intrigue was motioned by the development of the Society for General Systems Research in 1954, a gathering of individuals who were keen on applying frameworks thinking in customary orders. The fundamental rule that a hard framework thinking underscores is the utilization of evaluation and estimation to get frameworks. This technique is proposed to lessen the degree of vulnerability that is related with standing up to issues and the potential choices that are accessible to endeavor to tackle the issues. The center conviction of hard frameworks approaches are that justification and systematization of critical thinking procedures will prompt the best choices being made. Delicate Systems Thinking ? AppreciationSoft frameworks thinking and the related ways to deal with critical thinking have grown essentially in the course of recent decades. The methodologies depend on the conviction that since people sees are abstract encounters, there is no single reality. This implies people will see and decipher exercises contrastingly dependent on their own social, social and political encounters. As individuals see circumstances in an unexpected way, it is beyond the realm of imagination to precisely characterize an issue and accordingly, there is no chance to deliver an ideal arrangement. Delicate frameworks thinking tends to hierarchical critical thinking using ceaseless learning and correspondence. These will build an associations' ability for critical thinking. The key point is to make a Learning Organization whose' objectives are not to take care of issues right away, yet to consider hazardous zones as the associations' individuals from attention to the issues identified with the zones expand and extend. The Comparison among Hard and Soft Systems Problem Solving MethodologiesHard frameworks approaches are described by the principal presumption that an authoritative issue articulation can distinguish the critical thinking process. This plainly characterized issue structures for establishment for all the ensuing organized advances. The end purpose of the procedure is to change the framework in a manner that kills the issue. When an issue has been unmistakably recognized, the procedure that follows centers around distinguishing and assessing elective arrangements. On the other hand, delicate frameworks issue solvers accept there are no issues holding back to be tackled in light of the fact that the issue is being sanctioned through a people molding and observation. Because of this reasoning they perceive that there are no changeless arrangements, just upgrades. These become a persistent arrangement of on going enhancements, which are viewed as facilities. A valuable method of contrasting the two strategies is with consider two unique models that have been built up that utilization the elective standards as examined previously. N. K. Kwak and S. A. DeLurglo have built up a seven phase critical thinking process that depends on the standards of Operations Research (OR). Or on the other hand is an utilization of hard frameworks believing that utilizes distinctive numerical strategies to take care of explicit kinds of issues. It approaches issues by utilizing the logical technique for request. Diminish Checkland's delicate framework strategy as correspondingly a seven stage successive model. It is a case of a model that utilizes intuitive arranging. Intelligent arranging is participative. It requires the immediate inclusion of partners. It requests that partners make arrangements to accomplish whatever they accept to be important.Stage1 of the OR procedure is the difficult detailing. This incorporates characterizing the object of the examination, proportions of adequacy and effectiveness and the limits to the framework. It recognizes controllable factors and wild factors. This methodology in itself completes two things. It is promptly suggesting that we will go to a limited outcome toward the finish of the procedure. It is likewise recognizing that it isn't in a shut framework. As it were, it is qualifying the procedure by expressing that there are components that may well impact the circumstance yet are outside the ability to control of the frameworks capacities. Candide - A Contrast To Optimism EssayStage 3 Forming Root DefinitionsThe significant connection between the partners and their frameworks of activity is that they are working in a 24 hours per day, 365 days per year condition together. In specific regards, their endurance is between dependant. On the off chance that the stuff framework isn't proceeding as wanted, different interests won't have the option to meet their goals. The administrator of the framework will be given responsibility for circumstance and any change that will happen. It will be his obligation to accumulate perspectives and discussion the elective procedures that could occur to empower improvement of the framework. The significant thought will be the means by which the activity of the air terminal can be kept up while the upgrades to the framework are executed. Stage 4 ? Building Conceptual ModelsIt is the duty of the considerable number of partners to consider what they accept are the issues that can be tended to with the framework. The point of this stage is to address and urge the various gatherings to propose upgrades that could be made. Accentuation must be put on imagination and no thoughts ought to be smothered. The proprietor of the procedure should then investigate the thoughts, sort them into basic classes and feed them back to all the partners again for additional thought. The data would then be able to be broke down by all the partners and this thusly may touch off another thought that the gathering could consider. Toward the finish of this stage the proprietor of the procedure ought to have the option to identifyseveral improvement recommendations that have been commonly acknowledged by the gathering. This procedure empowers partners to comprehend one anothers perspectives and qualities they place on the framework. Stage 5 Comparing thoughts with realityFollowing the inventive reasoning procedure, it is now that thought is given to how practical the thoughts for development are. The apparent limitations that the group trusts it is working around must be tested and conversations should focus on how the new thoughts might be utilized. Stage 6 Defining ChangesIt is just at this phase the possibility of the potential choices for changing the framework can be resolved. The two rules that they should be founded on are precise attractive quality and social worthiness. The methodical attractive quality looks at the specialized benefits of the proposed lodging and, for this situation, will be the premise of for the best weighting of the choice. For instance, the gathering will have requirements on the corridor that the stuff framework works inside and recommendations for extension of the current framework might be unachievable. The social worthiness of the thoughts may likewise require thought. In the event that one of the proposed upgrades includes an adjustment in the degree of manual treatment of stuff, this could have an unfavorable impact to lesson of the representatives. Stage 7 Taking ActionThe usage of the proposals that were both worthy and doable to all requires activity that is guided by the new mindfulness created by the learning procedure that has been attempted. The point is that, as and when the enhancements are embraced, another circumstance happens and the cycle should start once more. The gathering, with all the partners spoke to, must proceed to talk about and propose now thoughts for thought with an objective to refine the framework. BibliographyReferences N.K. Kwak and S. A. DeLurgio, Quantitative Models for Business Decisions (North Sciatuate, Mass. U.S.A; Duxbury Press, 1980) J. Rosenhead, Rational Analysis for a Problematic World (Chichester, England ; John Wiley and Sons, 1989) S. Cavaleri and K. Obloj, Management Systems (K Wadsworth,1993)

Online Paper Editor

Online Paper EditorThere are several ways to get your job done for you as an online paper editor. Whether you decide to utilize one of the numerous online services available, or one of the countless print-on-demand tools out there, your job is one that will likely be fulfilling.The most obvious step to take is to make sure that you can access your work. This means that, if you want to create content for the website, ensure that it can be downloaded as a PDF file, which is a less expensive alternative than the same kind of file from a standard printing house.You should also make sure that you can freely distribute it, in which case the only way you're going to have a successful career is if you are proficient with the HTML code needed to embed your content into the site. This means having both the HTML and the Joomla programming knowledge required to fill in all the codes required to make it look nice. You will need to learn how to make an HTML page and how to add text.There are other techniques to take advantage of, which include the use of multiple choices. Most web applications require two or more choices. This will give you the opportunity to do the creative work of making more choices, and more choices will almost certainly lead to more options.You will be given the ability to create your own choices and can use this method to get more results. This can be useful when creating news stories. You could also use it to create custom pages for newsletters, such as the ones that are used at websites like This is Amazing.Each day, hundreds of thousands of people will be bombarded with content, so this makes sense. You might have found a way to make a living without needing to print content, but you might be able to get one without printing anything, too.Some people have had success selling content, while others have gotten jobs by creating their own home business, either as a marketing or advertising guru. Whatever you are after, you will probably find one that su its your unique circumstances.

Richard Howe - Royal Navy Richard Howe

Richard Howe - Early Life Career: Born March 8, 1726, Richard Howe was the son of Viscount Emanuel Howe and Charlotte, Countess of Darlington. The half-sister of King George I, Howes mother wielded political influence which aided in her sons military careers. While his brothers George and William pursued careers in army, Richard elected to go to sea and received a midshipmans warrant in the Royal Navy in 1740. Joining HMS Severn (50 guns), Howe took part in Commodore George Ansons expedition to the Pacific that fall. Though Anson eventually circumnavigated the globe, Howes ship was forced to turn back after failing to round Cape Horn. As the War of the Austrian Succession raged, Howe saw service in the Caribbean aboard HMS Burford (70) and took part in the fighting at La Guaira, Venezuela in February 1743. Made an acting lieutenant after the action, his rank was made permanent the next year. Taking command of the sloop HMS Baltimore in 1745, he sailed off the coast of Scotland in support of operations during the Jacobite Rebellion. While there, he was badly wounded in the head while engaging a pair of French privateers. Promoted to post-captain a year later, at the young age of twenty, Howe received command of the frigate HMS Triton (24). The Seven Years War: Moving to Admiral Sir Charles Knowles flagship, HMS Cornwall (80), Howe captained the vessel during operations in the Caribbean in 1748. Taking part in the October 12 Battle of Havana, it was his last major action of the conflict. With the arrival of peace, Howe was able to retain sea-going commands and saw service in the Channel and off Africa. In 1755, with the French Indian War underway in North America, Howe sailed across the Atlantic in command of HMS Dunkirk (60). Part of Vice Admiral Edward Boscawens squadron, he aided in the capture of Alcide (64) and Lys (22) on June 8. Returning to the Channel Squadron, Howe took part in the naval descents against Rochefort (September 1757) and St. Malo (June 1758). Commanding HMS Magnanime (74), Howe played a key role in capturing Ile de Aix during the former operation. In July 1758, Howe was elevated to title of Viscount Howe in the Irish Peerage following the death of his older brother George at the Battle of Carillon. Later that summer he participated in raids against Cherbourg and St. Cast. Retaining command of Magnanime, he played a role in Admiral Sir Edward Hawkes stunning triumph at the Battle of Quiberon Bay on November 20, 1759. A Rising Star: With the war concluding, Howe was elected to Parliament representing Dartmouth in 1762. He retained this seat until his elevation to the House of Lords in 1788. The following year, he joined the Admiralty Board before becoming Treasurer of the Navy in 1765. Fulfilling this role for five years, Howe was promoted to rear admiral in 1770 and given command of the Mediterranean Fleet. Elevated to vice admiral in 1775, he held sympathetic views pertaining to the rebelling American colonists and was an acquaintance of Benjamin Franklin. The American Revolution: As a result of these feelings, the Admiralty appointed him to command the North American Station in 1776, in the hope that he could aid in quieting the American Revolution. Sailing across the Atlantic, he and his brother, General William Howe, who was commanding British land forces in North America, were appointed as peace commissioners. Embarking his brothers army, Howe and his fleet arrived off New York City in the summer of 1776. Supporting Williams campaign to take the city, he landed the army on Long Island in late August. After brief campaign, the British won the Battle of Long Island. In the wake of the British victory, the Howe brothers reached out to their American opponents and convened a peace conference on Staten Island. Taking place on September 11, the Richard Howe met with Franklin, John Adams, and Edward Rutledge. Despite several hours of discussions, no agreement could be reached and the Americans returned to their lines. While William completed the capture of New York and engaged General George Washingtons army, Richard was under orders to blockade the North American coast. Lacking the necessary number of vessels, this blockade proved porous. Howes efforts to seal American ports were further hampered by the need to provide naval support to army operations. In the summer of 1777, Howe transported his brothers army south and up the Chesapeake Bay to commence its offensive against Philadelphia. While his brother defeated Washington at Brandywine, captured Philadelphia, and won again at Germantown, Howes ships worked to reduce the American defenses in the Delaware River. This complete, Howe withdrew the fleet to Newport, RI for the winter. In 1778, Howe was deeply insulted when he learned of the appointment of a new peace commission under the guidance of the Earl of Carlisle. Angered, he submitted his resignation which was reluctantly accepted by the First Sea Lord, the Earl of Sandwich. His departure was soon delayed as France entered the conflict and a French fleet appeared in American waters. Led by the Comte dEstaing, this force was unable to catch Howe at New York and was prevented from engaging him at Newport due to a severe storm. Returning to Britain, Howe became an outspoken critic of Lord Norths government. These views kept him from receiving another command until Norths government fell in early 1782. Taking command of the Channel Fleet, Howe found himself outnumbered by the combined forces of the Dutch, French, and Spanish. Adroitly shifting forces when needed, he succeeded in protecting convoys in the Atlantic, holding the Dutch in port, and conducting the Relief of Gibraltar. This last action saw his ships deliver reinforcements and supplies to the beleaguered British garrison which had been under siege since 1779. Wars of the French Revolution Known as Black Dick due to his swarthy complexion, Howe was made First Lord of the Admiralty in 1783 as part of William Pitt the Youngers government. Serving for five years, he faced debilitating budget constraints and complaints from unemployed officers. Despite these issues, he succeeded in maintaining the fleet in a state of readiness. With the beginning of Wars of the French Revolution in 1793, he received command of the Channel Fleet despite his advanced age. Putting to sea the following year, he won a decisive victory at the Glorious First of June, capturing six ships of the line and sinking a seventh. After the campaign, Howe retired from active service but retained several commands at the wish of King George III. Beloved by the sailors of the Royal Navy, he was called upon to aid in putting down the 1797 Spithead mutinies. Understanding the demands and needs of the men, he was able to negotiate an acceptable solution which saw pardons issued for those who had mutinied, pay raises, and the transfer of unacceptable officers. Knighted in 1797, Howe lived another two years before dying on August 5, 1799. He was buried in the family vault at St. Andrews Church, Langar-cum-Barnstone. Selected Sources NNDB: Richard Howe Napoleon Guide: Admiral Richard Howe

Analysis Of Shakespeare s Sonnet 130 - 1048 Words

Krystienne Delarosa Ryan Wander ENL 3 January 16, 2015 Sonnet 130 Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 130† uses imagery to compare his lover to other objects in order to convey his true feelings towards his mistress. With this idea, one can make the assumption that Shakespeare’s argument is accepting the normality of women by understanding that they don’t all look like supermodels or goddesses. His views about his mistress can relate to how present day men look at their significant other. Shakespeare’s view towards women shifts between his sonnets. Comparing to â€Å"Sonnet 18†, it seems as if Shakespeare has gained a more respect towards his counterpart and with this change in view, it is interesting to see this change and how even though with his time period, that some men looked at women with respect and acceptance. Comparing to today’s world, Shakespeare has thought of ideas that some men still have to grasp about women’s beauty. Today, some men still think that women need to live up to certain values and they have to look a certain way in order to be loved. This does not apply to everyone, but there are still the few men that think they have a power to throw upon these ideas into society, making many girls self-conscious, feeling unappreciative, or even like they will never be good enough. Upon first glance in the sonnet, it appears that Shakespeare is one of these men, but upon finishing the sonnet, it isn’t the case. This sonnet is ironic because Shakespeare spends the wholeShow MoreRelatedElizabethan Poetry Analysis1292 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as Shakespeare and Marlowe were prevalent in this time and they all sought to be unique from one another. Through this race to be the best, they used common themes while taking a wide variety of approaches towards each subject. Even works done by the same author hold different values in an attempt to stand out among the crowd. For Example, in Elizabethan dramas and poetry, female figures have commonly played the parts of the beloved, the desired, and the dangerous. Throughout my analysis, I willRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 130887 Words   |  4 PagesShakespearean Sonnets consist of 154 Sonnets that are well know for their themes such as passage of time, love, beauty, and mortality. Out of all the Sonnets, Sonnet 130 is the most significant because Shakespeare mocks the concept of traditional Sonnets. The traditional sonnet were usually love poems or Sonnets that person would show how much they praise someone or thing by exaggerating their beauty through imagery and comparisons. In Sonnet 130, Shakespeare does the complete opposite comparedRead MoreThe Shakespearean Sonnet Essay639 Words   |  3 Pagestimeless and explain his broad appeal even today. He is highly regarded for his love sonnets which convey an unchanging attitude and consummate romantic imagery that will always exist in the world as long as there are people. He has created words, phrases, and clich#2 33;s that have become so intrinsic in English language, that many people do not even know they are actually quoting him. Shakespeares Sonnet Let me not to the marriage of true minds is a perfect example of this and one of theRead More Immortality Through Verse in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 751681 Words   |  7 PagesImmortality Through Verse in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 75  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Desiring fame, celebrity, and importance, people for centuries have yearned for the ultimately unattainable goal of immortality. Poets, too, have expressed desires in verse that their lovers remain as they are for eternity, in efforts of praise. Though Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 75 from Amoretti both offer lovers this immortality through verse, only Spenser pairs this immortality with respectRead More William Shakespeare and His Works Essay3349 Words   |  14 Pages William Shakespeare, the figure to whom the most influential works of literature in history are credited, was born in April of 1564 (the exact date is approximated as April 23rd, also the date given as his death fifty-two years later) in Stratford, England to John and Mary Shakespeare. He grew up in relatively middle-class surroundings, attending grammar school and studying Latin, logic, and literature, from which he graduated to marry a woman by the name of Anne Hathaway. With Hathaway he hadRead MoreEssay on Emily Bronte Illusion and Reality3043 Words   |  13 PagesA consideration of how Emily Bronte, Tennessee Williams and Shakespeare consider the notion of illusion and reality in the context of a love story. Wuthering Heights follows the Romantic Movement, a movement within literature during the late 18th century with captured intense emotion and passion within writing as opposed to rationalisation. Emily Bronte’s main focal point within the novel is the extreme emotion of love and whether it leads to the characters contentment or ultimate calamity. ThisRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesrepetition of the initial sounds of several words in a group. The following line from Robert Frosts poem Acquainted with the Night provides us with an example of alliteration,: I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet. The repetition of the s sound creates a sense of quiet, reinforcing the meaning of the line 3. allegory – Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic, of something else, usually a larger abstract concept or important historical/geopolitical eventRead MoreInstructor’s Manual Fundamentals of Financial Management60779 Words   |  244 Pagescover certain foundation material first, including: the role of financial management; the business, tax, and financial setting; the mathematics of finance; basic valuation concepts; the idea of a trade off between risk and return; and financial analysis, planning, and control. Given a coverage of these topics, we then have found it easier to build upon this base in the subsequent teaching of financial management. More specifically, the book goes on to investigate current asset and liability

Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research

Question: Discuss about the Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research. Answer: Introduction: In the present complex business environment, leadership plays a significant role in achieving organizational goals and objectives. Over the years, several theories and models have been developed on the management and leadership context that organizations utilizes for fulfilling its business objectives in an appropriate manner. However, there is no unique way for the businesses for the effective utilization of management techniques for achieving sustainable growth in the market. For that reason, the significance of management style has long been a subject of contentious discussion and debates. Specifically, as the businesses are looking to expand their reach in the global market, effective utilization of management style has become crucial for the organizations for achieving competitive advantage in the market. In this essay, the focus will be on the effective evaluation of the management styles implemented by the businesses in order to have an idea regarding the identification of bes t way to manage business enterprises. Discussion: As highlighted by Cunningham, Salomone and Wielgus (2015) effective utilization of management styles allow organizations to utilize all the internal resources in an effective manner. As a result, it creates positive influence on the overall effectiveness of the operational process. Furthermore, effective utilization of management style allows organizations to develop a healthy work environment, which eventually will help to create positive impact on the operational process. For that reason, it has become necessary for the organizations to develop effective management style within the organizational framework. However, Shafritz, Ott and Jang (2015) have mentioned that development of leadership or management within organizational structure is not mathematics, which will had a clear solution. In fact, effectiveness of the management style depends on several internal and external factors that organizations need to consider in an appropriate way. As highlighted in the Bureaucratic theory, management style has to focus on the crucial organizational elements including organizational hierarchy development and clear rules development within the organizational structure. Thus, it actually highlights the fact that management style need to focus on the effective development of atmosphere where all the employees can act rationally (Giacalone and Rosenfeld 2013). The Bureaucratic theory also has highlighted the fact that management style also needs to include the factors like decision-making, protecting workers, controlling resources for the effective accomplishment of organizational goals. Bureaucratic theory also has highlighted the fact that managers need to focus on the systematic implementation of strategies like clear development of chain of command and proper division of the employees so that all the responsibilities can be fulfilled in an appropriate manner. On the other hand, McCabe, Gormley and Balla (2014) have highlighted Rationalization theory focuses on the effective evaluation of actions initiated by the management and its impact on the emotion, superstition and other forces of the employees. As per the Rationalization theory, management style will have to focus on the effective management of emotions of the employees so that they can able to give their best at the workplace. Thus, managers need to identify the areas that can create adverse impact on the overall motivational level of the employees. The theory has highlighted the fact that all the activities of managers can create direct emotional impact on the employees. Therefore, management of the organizations need to be extremely careful at the time of initiating any decision regarding the changes in the operational procedure. Otherwise, employees can get de-motivated towards the responsibilities provided by the organizations. On the other hand, Organizational theory highlight s that managers need to focus on overall functions of the organizations for achieving sustainable growth in the global market. Thus, Organizational theory also highlighted the fact that managers need to focus on the effective utilization of systematic approach for fulfilling all the responsibilities in an efficient manner. For that reason, Bell and Martin (2012) have mentioned that development of systematic procedure is the best possible way to handle the employees in an effective manner. However, Grachev and Rakitsky (2013) have mentioned that systematic implementation of management procedure does not work in the emergencies. As a result, managers would have to focus on the development of strategies based on the situation organization is facing at the marketplace. As per the article by deWinter, Kocurek and Nichols (2014) organizations can focus on the Scientific Management procedures for fulfilling all the responsibilities in an appropriate manner. As per the Scientific Management concept, the prime objective of organizations will have to be enhancing the economic efficiency level of the organizations. For that reason, the theory highlights the fact that organizations need to develop such management style that are capable of enhancing the productivity level of the employees. Thus, managers will have to focus more on the effective process management perspective for fulfilling all the responsibilities in an appropriate way. For that reason, Tedeschi (2013) have highlighted the fact that managers will have to focus on encouraging the employees so that they feel motivated towards their work. Now, employee motivation depends on several factors that organizations will have to provide in an appropriate manner. For instance, organizations will have t o focus on the effective utilization of human resource management perspectives so that employees remain associated with the organizations for a long period of time. As per the article by Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014) prime responsibility of human resource managers will have to focus on providing effective career growth opportunity to the employees so that employee motivation remains at the highest level. Furthermore, managers also will have to focus on the effective development of strategies regarding the provided benefit level of the employees. In fact, effective utilization of HRM strategies needs to focus on providing additional benefits to the employees so that they give their best effort for the fulfilment of the organizational responsibilities. Furthermore, as the competition level in the world market is growing continuously, organizations are looking to initiate lean approach for achieving competitive advantage in the market. As per the article by Bratton and Gold (2012), lean approach reflects to the strategy where organizations focus on maximizing the productivity with limited resources. As a result, it actually creates additional pressure to the employees for fulfilling all the responsibilities in an appropriate manner. For that reason, it has become necessary for the managers to provide proper support and guidance to the employees so that they can feel motivated towards their responsibilities. Thus, it is actually highlighting democratic approach that managers will have to follow for fulfilling all the responsibil ities in an appropriate manner (Geisler and Wickramasinghe 2015). However, many studies have highlighted the fact that managers must have to have the skill of assessing several suggestions provided by the employees for enhancing the productivity of the organizations. Otherwise, the entire decision-making process can be hampered, which will also create adverse impact on the overall business perspectives as well. Over the years, several theories and concepts has been developed on the management styles that highlighted the fact that different organizations utilizes different management styles for fulfilling all the organizational responsibilities in an appropriate manner. As per the article by Alexander (2013), Theory X of management style suggests that all the employees working in the organizational framework dislike their responsibilities. As a result, it is necessary for the managers to initiate directive management style so that employees can be controlled in an appropriate manner. Thus, Theory X actually advocates paternalistic and autocratic management style for fulfilling the organizational responsibilities in an effective manner. Entrepreneurs like Rupert Murdoch have successfully conducted directive or autocratic style for fulfilling all the responsibilities of the organizations in an effective manner. On the other hand, Theory Y of management style has suggested the fact that work is a natural part of daily life. In fact, Theory Y has highlighted the fact that work can actually bring sense of satisfaction to the employees. Therefore, organizations need to develop participative management style for enhancing the motivational level of the employees towards the organizational roles and responsibilities (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). It has been assessed that effective utilization of consultative or participative management style can actually increase the belongingness of the employees towards the organizational roles and responsibilities. Several entrepreneurs like Mark Zuckerberg and Steve Jobs have always focuses on the effective utilization of participative leadership style for encouraging the employees to give their best at the workplace. Thus, it highlights the fact that there is no unique management style for all the organizations for fulfilling all the responsibilities in an effective manner. Conclusion: From the above analysis, it can be assessed that there is no unique way for the organizations regarding the effective utilization of the management style. The study has included several theories and models to provide an in-depth overview regarding the management concepts that organizations will have to consider for fulfilling all the responsibilities in an appropriate manner. The study also has tried to cover each possible aspect that can have impact on the effectiveness of the management style. Thus, to conclude, it can be mentioned that organizations need to initiate such management style that can easily go with the organizational culture and values. References: Alexander, K., 2013.Facilities management: theory and practice. Routledge. Bell, R.L. and Martin, J.S., 2012. The relevance of scientific management and equity theory in everyday managerial communication situations.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,13(3). Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2012.Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Cunningham, J., Salomone, J. and Wielgus, N., 2015. Project Management Leadership Style: A Team Member Perspective.International Journal of Global Business,8(2), p.27. deWinter, J., Kocurek, C.A. and Nichols, R., 2014. Taylorism 2.0: Gamification, scientific management and the capitalist appropriation of play.Journal of Gaming Virtual Worlds,6(2), pp.109-127. Geisler, E. and Wickramasinghe, N., 2015. Principles of knowledge management: Theory, practice, and cases. Routledge. Giacalone, R.A. and Rosenfeld, P., 2013.Impression management in the organization. Psychology Press. Grachev, M. and Rakitsky, B., 2013. Historic horizons of Frederick Taylor's scientific management.Journal of Management History,19(4), pp.512-527. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. McCabe, B.C., Gormley, W.T. and Balla, S.J., 2014. Bureaucracy and Democracy: Accountability and Performance. Shafritz, J.M., Ott, J.S. and Jang, Y.S., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Tedeschi, J.T. ed., 2013.Impression management theory and social psychological research. Academic Press.

Strict Constructionism vs Broad Constructionism free essay sample

Had developed into two distinct political parties. The controversy over the constitutionality of the First Bank of the United States gave rise to two different interpretations of the Constitution. While the Jeffersonian Republicans held a strict-constructionist view of the Constitution, the Federalists took on a broad-constructionist view of the Constitution. These became defining characteristics of the two political parties.However, during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison, the desire of one party to nominate over the other caused both parties to stray away from their original philosophies of government and resort to the other partys principles. Although the Republicans and Federalists largely stayed true to their respective interpretations of the Constitution, they increasingly embraced the other partys principles to achieve their goals between 1801 to 1817. In establish inning Republican dominance in government, Jefferson determined to use strict constructionist; yet, with regard to westward expansion, Jefferson resorted to broad constructionist.Upon his inauguration in 1801, President Thomas Jefferson promulgated his belief in a limited government. We will write a custom essay sample on Strict Constructionism vs Broad Constructionism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Congress, under Jefferson, restricted federal government by repealing all international taxes. In doing so, Jefferson reduced government spending, thus successfully limiting the power of the federal government. Similarly, the Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin limited the military by cutting army and navy budgets significantly. These acts of frugality demonstrated the use of strict constructionist to assert Republican dominance.Jefferson interest n expanding westward prompted him to purchase the Louisiana Territory on the basis that he was protecting the nation. Jefferson believed that the results of this broad constructionist view would benefit America by encouraging economic development. Thus, Jefferson embraced both Republican and Federalists principles during his presidency. Seeing that Congress was dominated by Republicans, Chief Justice John Marshall appropriately adopted both strict and broad constructionist in his court decisions. In the Mammary v.Madison case, Marshall ironically gained a Federalist victory by using strict constructionist. By ruling that the Constitution did not explicitly grant the Court power to issue writs of mandamus, Marshall gave the Court the greater power of judging the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress through the judicial review. In this way, Marshall expanded the federal government, producing a broad- constructionist victory. In the Fletcher v. Peck case, Marshall did not need to use strict constructionist to accomplish his goal of advancing the power of the federal government.Instead, Marshall solely relied on broad constructionist to protect commercial and industrial interests and state federal supremacy in interstate commerce. In his court rulings, Marshall affirmed Federalist dominance in the Supreme Court amidst a Congress dominated by Republicans. By using both Republican and Federalist principles, Marshall elevated the Supreme Court and expanded the power of the federal government. The War of 181 2 prompted President James Madison to turn to Federalist principles of broad constructionist to structure Americas economy.Madison agonized the expediency of encouraging commerce and economic development as American nationalism emerged after the War of 1812. He concluded that state banks were insufficient in facilitating the economy and believed that a national bank could satisfy the needs of the country. Driven by a Federalist desire to stimulate economic growth, Madison allowed the charter of the Second Bank and the creation of protective tariffs. Republicans no longer deemed the national bank as unconstitutional because they recognized the importance of a bank that operated nationally. Madison also oversaw the implementation of the American System, which contributed greatly to economic development by encouraging the domestic economy. The use of broad constructionist to create an economic program allowed Madison to successfully stimulate economic growth. Though both Republicans and Federalists largely held on to their own philosophies of government, they strategically used the other partys principles to achieve their goals during the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.Jefferson found it necessary to use broad instructions in his decision to purchase the Louisiana Territory, but stuck to strict constructionist in shaping the federal government. Marshall successfully asserted Federalist dominance in the Supreme Court and protected commerce by using strict constructionist and broad constructionist, respectively. Madison effectively stimulated the American economy through Federalist principles. Between 1801 and 181 7, Republicans and Federalists increasi ngly made their decisions by adopting each others principles rather than sticking to their own interpretations of government.

psychology essay question daycare Essays

psychology essay question daycare Essays psychology essay question daycare Essay psychology essay question daycare Essay What does psychological research tell us about daycare? (12 marks) Daycare is where a child is cared for by someone other than its parents for some part of the day and it could be considered a form of short term deprivation. The NICHD study in the USA aimed to study the effect of daycare on children by conducting a longitudinal study. This involved gathering data by various methods such as observations, interviews and surveys. 1,200 children were studied from birth until they started school. The results of this study showed that the children who spent early continuous and ntensive time in daycare were likely to have more behavioural problems, such as aggression and disobedience, later than children who did not. The problems were rated by teachers and parents which suggests that the length of time in daycare has an effect. A significant strength of the study as the sample was very large and it was a longitudinal study, both which reduces the effects of individual differences. The researchers would have gathered a lot in-depth detail from the participants and furthermore be able to study development over time which makes the results more eliable. However a weakness of the NICHD study is that the findings took place in one culture, the USA, and may not be able to be generalised to other cultures. Cross cultural research has found differences in attachment across different cultures, which suggests these findings may only be applicable to children in the USA. A further issue that was investigated by this study is the type of daycare. It was found that nursery-type daycare, as oppose to home day-care, led to improvements in cognitive and language development but also increased behavioural problems such s disobedience. The study showed a third finding which was that the quality of daycare was important. Low quality daycare was particularly bad for children with mothers who lacked sensitivity. Good quality daycare tended to mean higher cognitive and language functioning in children. Overall, they concluded that daycare can have some negative effects such as aggression and disobedience. However, this complex area involves many variables and therefore it is difficult to draw a meaningful conclusion which is a weakness of the study. Researchers may not have considered issues such as good social background, temperament of the child, quality of their attachments and cultural differences which all could have affected the results of the study. On the other hand, the researchers used various different methods to collate data which means data can be compared to check for reliability and validity which is a strength of the study. This is like repeating the study to check for reliability, so if the same results are found using different research methods then reliability can be claimed. The EPPE project in the I-JK found different results to the NICHD study in the USA. They aimed to look at the impact of preschool provision on a childs intellectual, behavioural and social development. They also wanted to see if social inequalities could be reduced by attendance in preschool settings and whether some types of settings were better than others. They studied 3,000 children and used observations and interviews with parents and practitioners. The participants were from a range of social backgrounds to provide a variety in the ample, to look at issues such as social background. There were two groups; a control centres took part in the study. This is a strength of the study because the sample was large and carefully planned to include a range of children from different social backgrounds which means more secure conclusions can be drawn. They also used a control group in which they compare the daycare children which enables researchers to draw comparisons. The researchers found that high quality care improved social, behavioural and intellectual development. Furthermore, the study found that the earlier a child started daycare, the better the intellectual improvement. Children also had better independence and concentration the longer they had been in daycare. Another important finding was that disadvantaged children were better off in good quality daycare. However, a previously mentioned weakness regarding the NICHD study is the issue of generalisability as the study was conducted in one country, the I-JK. However, they accounted for this by choosing participants from a range of social backgrounds. Further psychological research into daycare came from Belsky and Rovine (1988) who considered the findings of the NICHD and EPPE projects. They used various methods such as the strange situation procedure. They concluded that good quality daycare, including childcare in daycare centres, can lead to better cognitive and language abilities. However, the more time spent in daycare, especially more time in centre-based care, tended to leave lead to more behavioural problems. He found that the important features of daycare are quality, quantity and type of daycare. A strength of this study is that data is relatively valid, as it is a quantitative measure of hours spent in daycare. However, the strange situation test could not be a valid measure as it only captures one particular issue; stranger fear. To conclude, daycare is a multifaceted, complex issue. Research shows us that it is not a simple issue of whether daycare is beneficial or not, but rather there are many different factors that can affect it such as; the type of daycare, the length of time spent in daycare and the age in which the child starts daycare.

Business integration of offline and online retailing

Business integration of offline and online retailing Offline and online retailing will soon become completely integrated into one. This will mean that one will not be able to do without the other. In the fast-moving world, Alibaba Group has been able to emerge as the biggest e-commerce company in the world. They made the shift to data company due to the integration of online and offline retailing. Data is a powerful tool used to help businesses understand their consumer preferences and to alter their products to make better ones while improving the customers’ experience. This is what the Alibaba Group strives on. Uni-Marketing During the Cannes Lions Innovation festival, Alibaba unveiled some marketing tools that allowed the use of real-time data to target Chinese customers and their preferences. One that I fond interesting was Uni Marketing. It analyses real-time data from the Alibaba Group ecosystem to be able to provide brands with accurate insight into the customers’ preferences and behaviors. This is helpful to the b rands to be able to segment the customers while creating ample room for communication among them and their customers. It is able to target more clearly than other similar tools because it uses the whole Alibaba’s ecosystem data to be able to provide references of customers all across China. Publicis Groupe has been the first to adopt this strategy, which it targets to use and understand its luxury customers better. Uni Marketing is based on four strategies. The first one is exhausting the ‘Brand Databank’, which is an online dashboard providing data from customers and suggesting actionable steps. The second is Uni Strategy with help in efficiently categorizing its customers; learn its behaviors, which eventually provides a complete picture of how different customers behave. The third is Uni Communication. It is an ad-serving tool, which gathers information from all leading Chinese media and feeds it to the Databank. This way allowing agencies to improve market capabilities and support brands. The fourth is the Uni Operation, which finally enables brands to personalize and create content for customers building relationships effectively across the board. Potential Business Value of Using Data It has been predicted that by the year 2020, the Chinese cloud market could reach $20billion. Consider that two years ago it was only $1.5billion (Clark, 2018). Alibaba is tapping into the offline market in China and eventually worldwide by integrating its immense online retail with the offline one. This means tapping into new ventures in the group. It has consistently shown improvement in its revenues. Its computer networks and massive data it contains gives it advantages in the technological innovations. It still continues to come up with technological advances that co-integrate the customers to the sellers. This friendly environment creates trust which turns into increased value on the business side of things of the group. Alibaba is the most diverse and complex Internet-based company in the world. Through personalizing their data and making it more secure, more customers will prefer a friendly interface while shopping which is a source of value addition to the Alibaba Group. The Relationship Between the Use of Data and the Analytic Value Escalator Gartner’s Analytic Value Escalator is a framework used in business to integrate platforms, people and processes to align them to give or be able to strategically approach business in a smooth approach. The company has been able to do this through its immense collection of data helping them learn and understand the preferences of their customers. Through online and offline integration, the company has been able to effectively use the framework. This clearly indicates that Alibaba fits in the Analytic Value Escalator and keeps using it to provide better services to its customers.

Advanced business economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advanced business economics - Essay Example Organizations are physical and even ‘virtual’ setups, where ‘collage’ of humans will work taking different roles and responsibilities.Starting from lower level workers to shareholders, top level management, etcan organization comprises of people with skill and experience, who accomplish their given task. Although, all these people will work in-group for the effective functioning of the organization, there will be an hierarchy. This hierarchy defines the position of the various people inside the organization, with one section of people calling the shots and asking the other sections to function according to their ‘diktats’. This segregation of individuals, according to their role in the establishment and functioning of organization, only leads to the principal-agent relationship, which is particularly visible in the shareholder-manager relationship. In organizational context, the term principal is given to an individual or individuals who have th e authority to hire other individuals to accomplish the set tasks because of their investments and other inputs. The hired individuals, whose duty is to comprehend and carry out the instructions of the principal is known as the agents. This exact principal-agent relationship will be visible in the shareholders and managers relationship, with the shareholders acting as the principal and making the managers work according to their instructions.... However, when viewed from another perspective, this change in equation in the principal-agent relationship, with manager dominating the affairs could lead to problems for the organization, or in particular shareholders. That is, if the shareholders are not equipped to oversee and control the managers, the managers could indulge in actions that may be self-centric, pushing back the organizational goals to the background. Every manager could have personal goals, when he/she is working for the organization. Some times or maximum times, those goals could be in conflict with the owner's or organization’s goals. â€Å"The principal-agent problem arises within the firm when ownership and control are separated and the self-interest of managers may lead them to act other than in the interest of the shareholders.† (Lipsey and Chrystal 2007). This is in line with the Agency theory, which suggests that managers could seek to maximize their goals and benefits, at the expense of shar eholders. The agents or managers will be able to act in a self-centred manner, as they have stronger asymmetric information, thereby causing troubles to the organizations. â€Å"Agents have the ability to operate in their own self-interest rather than in the best interests of the firm because of asymmetric information (e.g., managers know better than shareholders whether they are capable of meeting the shareholders' objectives) and uncertainty.† (Kleiman). The managers could act in a self-interested manner, when it comes to utilizing or ‘consuming’ corporate resources like allocating higher pays, incentives, etc. Even while viewing the supposed detrimental actions of the managers, there are also other aspects, in which the managers can exhibit positive behaviour, thereby taking the

Feedback and its importance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feedback and its importance - Coursework Example Positive feedback encourages the speaker whereas negative feedback results in demoralizing the speaker. Different Types of Feedback There are four basic types of feedback, which include effective feedback, evaluative feedback, descriptive feedback, and motivational feedback. Let us discuss all of them in some detail. Effective Feedback A person giving effective feedback focuses one aspect of message at a time rather than giving the feedback for the whole message. Effective feedback makes the speaker improve their statement based on the feedback that they receive from the audience. This type of feedback is widely used in the presentations given by the students in universities. Evaluative Feedback This type of feedback is based on some set standards. The goal of giving evaluative feedback is to make the speaker know whether his or her actions or message match the standards or not. Evaluative feedback is also used in universities to measure the performance of the students. Descriptive F eedback Descriptive feedback is deeply associated with the performance of a person. Descriptive feedback makes a person know where he actually stands and what action he needs to take in order to improve the work. Descriptive feedback is used in all fields of life with the sole purpose to bring improvement in the actions. Motivational Feedback This type of feedback is used to motivate or encourage the other person.

The Present Builds Upon the Past :: history

The Present Builds Upon the Past The world is far from perfect. However, through the years, it has improved in many ways. If I went back in time and changed the tiniest thing in history, it is possible for my life to be completely different today. If you don't believe me, read on because I've got hard proof. It's depressing to know there was a time when "blacks" and "whites" were seperated simply because of the color of their skin. We have moved forward, then stumbed backwards, but slowly we started building and here we are year 2001, where everyone, despite your race, have equal rights. I realize pejudice is still alive today, but you have to admit, things have improved. During the late 1800's "Jim Crow" laws or "Black Codes" were made offical. This law legally seperated "blacks" and "whites" in every day life. It was ridiculous, immature, and just flat out unreasonable. They used seperate public waiting rooms, restaurants, theaters, public parks, schools, hospitals, just to name the basics. We have every single abolitionists, civil rights activists, and all the other freedom-fighters who stuck up for their rights. You wouldn't believe how much one person can accomplish. It wasn't too long ago when women were denied some of the rights that men had, such as voting. People believed that women were better fit cooking, cleaning and taking care of the children at home, rather than going out to earn money. They also believed that men had a higher ability of learning than women, which was why their education was limited. In order to get all the rights women have today, it took much time, effort, and most of all, courage. Many brave women organized protests demanding for equal rights. It was a slow process but every little effort added up, and today, women can even run for President of the United States. Who knows? Many if it weren't for them, I wouldn't be writing this report, or be able to write at all. A more recent example in which we can more personally relate to, is the World Trade Center tragedy. The fact that we needed a tradegy to bring America togeather is sad, but at least we are here for each other when we really need each other. I know living thirteen years isn't much at all, but in that time, I have never seen America more united than in the last few weeks.

Analysis of the Twelfth Planet

The Myth of a 12th Planet: A Brief Analysis of Cylinder Seal VA 243 Michael S. Heiser Ph. D. candidate, Hebrew Bible and Ancient Semitic Languages University of Wisconsin-Madison Introduction Readers of Zecharia Sitchin’s books, particularly The 12th Planet, will recognize the above seal, VA 243 (so named because it is number 243 in the collection of the Vorderasiatische Museum in Berlin). This seal is the centerpiece of Sitchin’s theory that the Sumerians had advanced astronomical knowledge of the planetary bodies in our solar system.This knowledge was allegedly given to the Sumerians by extraterrestrials, whom Sitchin identifies as the Anunnaki gods of Sumero-Mesopotamian mythology. In the upper left-hand corner of the seal, Sitchin argues, one sees the sun surrounded by eleven globes. Since ancient peoples (including the Sumerians according to Sitchin) held the sun and moon to be â€Å"planets,† these eleven globes plus the sun add up to twelve planets. Of cou rse, since we now know of nine planets plus our sun and moon, part of Sitchin’s argument is that the Sumerians knew of an extra planet beyond Pluto.This extra planet is considered by Sitchin to be Nibiru, an astronomical body mentioned in Mesopotamian texts. Sitchin’s works detail his contention that Nibiru passes through our solar system every 3600 years, and so some believers in Sitchin’s theory contend that Nibiru will return soon. Some followers of Sitchin’s ideas also refer to Nibiru as â€Å"Planet X†. Is Sitchin correct – in whole or in part? Is Nibiru a 12th planet that will soon return? Does VA243 prove his thesis? Unfortunately for Sitchin and his followers, the answer to each of these questions is no. This paper will focus on the heart of his theory, VA243.Nibiru is the subject of another paper on my website. Method and Approach The study of cylinder seals is actually a very specialized sub-discipline within Sumerology and Assyrio logy. a It is possible to determine, through the efforts of cylinder seal specialists of the recent past and current experts, to decisively say that Sitchin’s interpretation of this seal is deeply flawed and lacks scholarly merit. In short, his theory is false and is unsupported by the seal itself. In the discussion that follows, I will demonstrate that VA243 in no way supports Sitchin’s ideas.My reasons / lines of argument for this are: 1) The inscription on the seal (left hand and right hand sides – which are not discussed by Sitchin) says nothing about planets or any element of astronomy. Rather than offering an independent translation, I will defer to authorities on Sumerian seal inscriptions in this regard to avoid any charge of bias. 2) The alleged â€Å"sun† symbol on the seal is not the sun. We know this because it does not conform to the consistent depiction of the sun in hundreds of other cylinder seals and examples of Sumero-Mesopotamian artwor k.I will describe the typical depiction (determined with certainty because it appears with texts about the sun god [Shamash Akkadian, known as Utu in Sumerian]) and provide image examples. Sources are provided for readers to check for themselves. The â€Å"sun† symbol is actually a star (which in Mesopotamian art could have six or, more commonly, eight points). Lest the modern reader retort that â€Å"well, the sun is a star,† I offer several images where the star symbol and the sun symbol (which again, is not that in VA243) are side-by-side and distinct from one another.The Sumerians and Mesopotamians distinguished the sun from stars by using different symbols – and associating each symbol with the sun god and other gods, respectively. There is simply no ancient Sumero-Akkadian evidence to support Sitchin’s identification. 3) If the â€Å"sun† is not the sun, then what are the dots? The dots are also stars, as is best illustrated by the Sumerian-M esopotamian depiction of the Pleaides (seven dots together with reasonable astronomical accuracy since they are visible to the naked eye). b The Pleaides are actually one of the most frequently depicted astronomical features in SumeroMesopotamian art.As Sitchin points out (and this is corroborated by actual scholars in the field – it’s common knowledge), stars were associated with or considered to be heavenly beings – gods. In Sumero-Mesopotamian artwork, a star represents either a god or an astronomical body. The same can be said of the sun – it can either reference the literal sun or the sun god. There are three possibilities as to what VA243 is depicting: (A) It is singling out a deity or special star and associating it with other stars in some sort of zodiacal representation. I don’t consider this likely because there are other far clearer representations of zodiacal constellations.Unless there are clear zodiacal connotations, a star was symbol ic of a deity, which brings us to the second option. (B) More probable is the idea that the central star stands for a deity that has some association with fertility (as in crops) since the inscription describes an offering made by a worshipper (who is named) to a seated god who is associated in the seal with fertile harvest. Since there are two other figures in the seal in addition to the seated god, and one is the offerer, the remaining figure is likely a deity also associated with the offering. In favor of this possibility are the â€Å"implements† aAn excellent general introduction is Dominique Collon, Cylinder Seals. I am not saying the star is depicted amid the Pleiades, only that the artistic depiction of the Pleiades provides an excellent example of â€Å"dots† = stars. The Pleiadean depiction is always seven dots/stars. b shown on the seal with respect to these two figures facing the seated god and the figure’s headdress. Also in its favor is the fact th at there are literally hundreds of such â€Å"offering seals,† and many have a star in upper proximity to the figures’ heads, signifying the figure is a deity (see the example). C) Since the star is surrounded by eleven other stars (dots), the artistic depiction could stand for the lead god of the Mesopotamian divine council and its other eleven (upper tier) members. Recall that (as Sitchin again points out) the Mesopotamian council had 12 members. I have noted before that the 12 member council isn’t always consistent in Mesopotamian religion (at times eight gods are considered the council), but 12 is the more prevalent number. This thesis is attractive, but I can’t say there is much to commend it over option B.The reader might be thinking at this point, â€Å"Well, isn’t the sun god the leader of the pantheon – so if this symbology points to the divine council the center symbol could still be the sun? † This would be an erroneous lin e of thought since in SumeroMesopotamian religion the sun god is NOT the high god; the high god is Anu (later, Marduk), not Shamash. These options are admittedly subjective, but one thing is certain – the â€Å"sun† symbol does not conform to the abundantly frequent symbol for the sun in SumeroMesopotamian art. We are not dealing with a depiction of the solar system.Astronomer Tom van Flandern pointed this out years ago anyway, since the sizes of the â€Å"planets† around the alleged sun do not conform to the correct sizes of the planets and there distances from the pseudo-sun are not depicted in such a way as to depict elliptical (or at least varying) orbits. The link to van Flandern’s critique is on my website. 4) There is not a single text in the entire corpus of Sumerian or Mesopotamian tablets in the world that tells us the Sumerians (or later inhabitants of Mesopotamia) knew there were more than five planets.This is quite a claim, but is demonstrabl e through the work of scholars who specialize in cuneiform astronomy. Below I list all the major works on cuneiform astronomy (catalogues of texts, dissertations / books) and invite readers to check them out of a library and look for themselves. Literally every cuneiform text that has any astronomical comment (even with respect to astrology and omens) has been translated, catalogued, indexed, and discussed in the available academic literature.The tablets are often quite detailed, even discussing mathematical calculations of the appearance of planetary bodies in the sky, on the horizon, and in relation to other stars. The field is by no means new, and is considerably developed. All of the above facets of the discussion are now offered in more detail with bibliography. I. The Inscriptions on VA 243 VA243 has three lines of text (â€Å"line 1† is actually repeated on both sides of the seal):The seal is transliterated (the Sumero-Akkadian signs in English letters) and translated in the principal publication of the Berlin Vorderasiatische Museum’s publication of its seal collection, Vorderasiatische Rollsiegel (â€Å"West Asian Cylinder Seals†; 1940) by Mesopotamian scholar Anton Moortgat on page 101. This book is in German, so I offer the German and an English translation: Line 1 = dub-si-ga â€Å"Dubsiga† [a personal name of an apparently powerful personc] Line 2 = ili-il-la-at â€Å"Ili-illat† [another personal name, this time of the seal’s owner] â€Å"dein Knecht† [German for â€Å"your servant†d] Line 3 = ir3-suSo the full (rather boring) inscription of VA243 reads: â€Å"Dubsiga, Ili-illat, your/his servant. † Nothing in the inscription suggests anything remotely to do with astronomy or planets. In an email correspondence with Dr. Rudi Mayr, whose dissertation was on cylinder seals, Dr. Mayr commented on the inscriptions and the seal [and I interject a few comments in blue]: â€Å"The seated fig ure is a god; the ‘flounced’ garment is normal for deities (though kings start wearing them a little later); deities also have the distinctive headdress. Most scholars call it a ‘horned’ headdress, but I’ve always thought it looked more like flames than horns.Ancient texts often refer to deities having a bright, shining, brilliant aspect [this is true across the ancient near east – witness the â€Å"shining one† terminology I discuss in The Facade and in several papers on my website]; they don’t mention horns . . . The introducing figure also has the ‘horns’ of divinity† [this is a strong contextual argument that the symbol – again, it’s not the â€Å"sun† – to the upper left of the introducing figure is a star. Precisely because they SHINE, stars were associated with deities. Shamash, the sun god, had his own symbol of the sun.See below for what it looked like]. c Personal email com munication on Dubsiga with Dr. Rudi Mayr, whose dissertation was on cylinder seals. Dr. Mayr is also the source of the comment on the second line, which conforms to typical cylinder seal patterns. d Dr. Mayr noted to me in an email that the third line might also read â€Å"his servant†, which was his preference. II. The â€Å"Sun† Symbol This is perhaps the biggest problem with Sitchin’s interpretation of VA243 signifying the solar system. Simply put, if the central symbol in his solar system isn’t the sun, the interpretation collapses completely.There’s actually a good deal of evidence to demonstrate decisively that Sitchin is wrong here. Toward offering that evidence, we’ll first introduce a few general comments on Sumero-Akkadian symbols and move to the specifics. A. General Comments Like all ancient religions, Sumero-Mesopotamian religion had a great concern with heavenly bodies that could be observed with the naked eye. In particular, t he sun, moon, and Venus were important focus points because of their ease of visibility, and each was artistically symbolized and stood for a deity.In Sumer-Mesopotamian religion, the sun god symbology was very clear: Sun god = Shamash (Utu in the Sumerian languagee) The symbol of the sun god in Sumero-Mesopotamian religion was a central circle with four extended â€Å"arms† with wavy lines in between each â€Å"arm† (most common), or a circle with only wavy lines. The entire symbol was itself nearly always [I don’t know any exceptions, but there may be one – just being cautious here] inside a circle, as below:f The reader should note immediately that this is NOT the symbol on VA243.VA 243’s â€Å"pseudo-sun† lacks the wavy lines and is not set inside a circle. This sun symbol is ubiquitous in Sumero-Mesopotamian religious artwork. The other common symbol for the sun god was the god in flight upon a set of wings (a depiction akin to the wing ed disc in Egyptian religion). e See Jeremy Black, Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary (University of Texas Press, in conjunction with the British Museum, 1992): 168. This is an excellent reference source. Dr. Black is a well known Sumerian scholar.He was formerly the Director of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq and is now university lecturer in Akkadian and Sumerian at Wolfson College, Oxford. f See above source, p. 168. The above classic solar disk iconography in Sumero-Mesopotamian religion is contrasted with the star symbol, used to symbolize either stars in constellations, any deity (the star is either over the deity’s head or above it to the left of right), or Ishtar (Sumerian Inana), who stood for Venus, the most visible object in the sky aside from the sun and moon:g Note that this example has eight points.This is the most frequently attested style in Sumero-Mesopotamian religious art. The star also is found with six (l ike VA 243) or seven points, and the points even vary within the same seal or stela carving. It wasn’t consistent in points, but what the symbol stood for was consistent – either a star, planet, or deity – but NOT the sun. The star symbol is either set within a circle or, far more often, not within a circle. It is clearly distinct from the sun symbol. How do I know that the symbol of VA 243 is a star and not the sun disk?Other than the obvious noted above – that VA 243 does not have the wavy lines between the â€Å"arms† of the symbol and is not set within a circle – Sumero-Mesopotamian religion often grouped the symbols for the sun god with that of the moon god (Akkadian = Sin; Sumerian = Nanna) and Ishtar (Sumerian = Inana). This isn’t surprising since they were so readily viewed. In short, they didn’t confuse the symbols and neither should we. This grouped threesome is very prevalent in Sumero-Mesopotamian art, and compels t he observation that the sun symbol and star symbol were distinguished from each other:Source: Ursula Seidl, Die Babylonischen Kudurru Reliefs, Tafel 11, Zweite Gruppe, stela â€Å"a† = The Babylonian Kudurru Reliefs, Plate 11, 2nd Group, stela â€Å"a†. Note the wavy lines and encircled sun symbol on the right. Ursula Seidl, Die Babylonischen Kudurru Reliefs, Tafel 19, Vierte Gruppe, stela â€Å"b† = The Babylonian Kudurru Reliefs, Plate 19, 4th Group, relief â€Å"b†. Note the wavy lines and encircled sun symbol on the lower right. g See Black, 143. The symbols for sun and star/planet are also distinguished clearly in zodiacal artwork from Mesopotamia:The sun symbol (Left) and star symbol (Right) are next to each other under the snake (Draco). Note the wavy lines of the sun symbol Source: Ursula Seidl, Die Babylonischen Kudurru Reliefs, p. 47 = The Babylonian Kudurru Reliefs, p. 47 Here is a close-up of the sun (L) and star (R) symbol above. Note that th e star in this case has eight points: A second zodiac example: The sun symbol (center) and star symbol (R of center) are next to each other under the snake’s tail. Note the wavy lines of the sun symbol Source: Ursula Seidl, Die Babylonischen Kudurru Reliefs, p. 0 = The Babylonian Kudurru Reliefs, p. 60 In the above example, note that: (1) the star has seven points, and (b) the stars below it have six points. Note also that these smaller stars also LACK points – they are just dots. This seven dot/circle arrangement is one of the most common motifs in Mesopotamian art, and denote the Pleiades. The point here is that dots = stars in Mesopotamian art when in an astronomical context (or a context where a deity is identified with a star). This is important for our consideration of VA 243. Again, here is a close-up: A third zodiac example:Note that the star symbol here has six points as does the VA 243 star. Source: Ursula Seidl, Die Babylonischen Kudurru Reliefs, p. 23 = The Babylonian Kudurru Reliefs, p. 23 Some commentary on this last example is in order. The previous two examples clearly are in zodiac context, as is this one. Those previous two examples clearly have the sun symbol drawn in a manner consistent with expected Sumero-Mesopotamian features (wavy lines, encircled) that unmistakably distinguishes the sun from the star symbol. The star symbol signifies the same astronomical body in each case, yet the number of points varies.This means that the number of points is unimportant for identifying the star symbol as a STAR or planet, NOT the sun. Hence one cannot say, â€Å"well the star symbol usually has eight points, and the Sitchin seal has six, therefore it’s not a star but the sun. † This is erroneous because these examples demonstrate clearly that a star symbol can have 6, 7, or 8 pts. , and LACKS wavy lines. The symbol on Sitchin’s VA 243 is NOT the sun. It is a star, and thus denotes a star, a god, or a single planet. This isn’t my opinion, it’s the Sumero-Mesopotamian art convention.Let’s move on to some cylinder seal examples of star symbols. As noted above, the star was designed to signify a deity or literal star or planet. Here’s an example of a cylinder seal with Ishtar signaled as the deity by a star: Source: Henri Frankfort, Cylinder Seals: A Documentary Essay on the Art and Religion of the Ancient Near East (London: MacMillan and Co. , 1939): Plate XXVI-seal L In this example, the obvious star symbol has eight points, and is very similar in design to the star symbol of VA 243. We know it’s a star and not the sun because the goddess depicted is Ishtar. Another star symbol of very similar design to VA 243 is shown below:i The upper left-hand side of this seal contains the winged sun disk above the head of what scholars refer to as a â€Å"scorpion man† (note his tail). Just to the right of the winged disk is our star symbol. This time the star has seven points, and is quite similar to VA 243. Note as well h See the discussion in Frankfort (pp. 177-178, 236, 254) and Black, p. 168. See also the magisterial survey: E. Douglas van Buren, Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art, Analecta Orientalia 23 (Pontificum Institutum Biblicum, 1945): 8485. Frankfort, Plate XXXIII – seal b. the far upper right corner – the seven stars grouped together are the Pleiades (to which we will return in our discussion). Below are several examples of seals with six pointed stars: (Frankfort, Plate XXXIII – seal d): Comments: Note the six-pointed stars in the upper left and upper right corners. In both cases, note the presence of accompanying â€Å"dots† in groups of seven – again, the Pleiades (the â€Å"extra dot† over the head of the smaller standing figure denotes a deity as it is a star).The seven dots = the seven stars of the Pleiades (the dots were interchangeable with pointed stars to denote stars). A s E. Douglas van Buren, an expert on Sumerian and Mesopotamian art comments: â€Å"In the earliest representations of the 7 dots as yet known it can be seen that . . . they formed a ring or rosette around a central dot . . . [From] the early Babylonian period onwards it is increasingly common to find the 7 dots arranged like stars in the constellation of the Pleiades, and in the last quarter of the second millennium the dots are shaped for the first time as stars. j This observation is important because it demonstrates that the â€Å"pointed star + Pleiades† pattern does not require a certain number of points on the stars. Recall that the same situation was true with the zodiac – it does not matter how many points a star symbol has – it’s a star, not the sun. Another example: j E. Douglas van Buren, â€Å"The Seven Dots in Mesopotamian Art and Their Meaning,† Archiv fur Orientforschung XIII (1941): 277; see also E. Douglas van Buren, Symbols of th e Gods in Mesopotamian Art, 74ff. and E.Douglas van Buren, â€Å"The Rosette in Mesopotamian Art,† Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie and vorderasiatische Archaeologie, new series, vol. 11 (1939, vol. 45 from old series): 104ff. (Frankfort, Plate XXXV – seal h): In this seal the star has six points surrounding a central dot. Note again the Pleiades symbol (see below under the next point on the â€Å"dots† in VA 243). Before leaving the discussion of the star symbol, take note of the close similarity in style between the star on VA 243 that Sitchin says is the sun and the star symbols we have noted above: Frankfort XXXIII-b VA 243Ishtar star Now compare these with the actual sun symbol: III. The Surrounding â€Å"Dots† As I asked in the introduction to this paper, if Sitchin’s â€Å"sun† is not a sun, then what are the dots? The most apparent answer, based on the examples above, is that they too are stars. We have already seen that dots were used t o depict the stars of the Pleiades, and showed that the seven dots = the seven star symbols elsewhere used for the same constellation. We also saw above in the seal of Frankfort Plate XXXIII-d that a single pointed star can be associated with dots which are also stars.It is almost that the â€Å"star + seven dots† symbology is saying, â€Å"constellation = Pleiades. † There is therefore abundant precedent for asserting that these dots in VA243 are stars. It could be that this seal is â€Å"saying†: â€Å"Constellation = the one with 11 stars†. Since I don’t know astronomy well, I’ll let the reader ponder that one. The introduction also noted that the symbology of the seal could just point to a deity and perhaps the divine council. Enough said on that. IV. On Sumerian or Mesopotamian Astronomical KnowledgeIn this regard I offer the reader an opportunity to challenge my assertion above (and I am just quoting specialists in cuneiform astronomic al tablets) that there is not a single text in the entire corpus of Sumerian or Mesopotamian tablets in the world that says the Sumerians or Mesopotamians knew of more than five planets. Below are bibliographical references that anyone can access (the scholarly, dissertation level materials that one needs some knowledge of semitic languages and/or cuneiform, as well as a background in mathematics or astronomy, to really use are noted in their own category).In my paper on Nibiru (available on my website), I’ll briefly go into what the Sumerians and Mesopotamians knew about the planets. For now, though, giving the reader these sources will suffice. General Sources: Francesca Rochberg, â€Å"Astronomy and Calendars in Ancient Mesopotamia,† Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. III, pp. 1925-1940 (ed. , Jack Sasson, 2000) Bartel L. van der Waerden, Science Awakening, vol. 2: The Birth of Astronomy (1974) Technical but Still Readable Wayne Horowitz, Mesopotamian Cosm ic Geography (1998) N. M.Swerdlow, Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination (2000) Scholarly (Technical) Resources: Otto Neugebauer, The Exact Sciences in Antiquity (1953) Otto Neugebauer, Astronomical Cuneiform Texts (1955) Erica Reiner and David Pingree, Enuma Elish Enlil Tablet 63, The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa (1975) Hermann Hunger and David Pingree, MUL. APIN: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform (1989) Hermann Hunger and David Pingree, Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia (1999) N. Swerdlow, The Babylonian Theory of the Planets (1998) David Brown, Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology (2000)

Faux Amis False Cognates of French and English

French and English have hundreds of cognates (words which look and/or are pronounced alike in the two languages), including true (similar meanings), false (different meanings), and semi-false (some similar and some different meanings). A list of hundreds of false cognates can be a bit unwieldy, so here is an abridged list of the most common false cognates in French and English. Common False Cognates in French and English Actuellement vs Actually Actuellement means at the present time and should be translated as currently or right now: Je travaille actuellement - I am currently working A related word is actuel, which means present or current: le problà ¨me actuel - the current/present problem Actually means in fact and should be translated as en fait or à   vrai dire. Actually, I dont know him - En fait, je ne le connais pas Actual means real or true, and depending on the context can be translated as rà ©el, và ©ritable, positif, or concret: The actual value - la valeur rà ©elle Assister vs Assist Assister à   nearly always means to attend something: Jai assistà © à   la confà ©rence - I attended (went to) the conference To assist means to help or aid someone or something: I assisted the woman into the building - Jai aidà © la dame à   entrer dans limmeuble Attendre vs Attend Attendre à   means to wait for: Nous avons attendu pendant deux heures - We waited for two hours. To attend is translated by assister (see above): I attended the conference - Jai assistà © à   la confà ©rence Avertissement vs Advertisement Un avertissement is a warning or caution, from the verb avertir - to warn. An advertisement  is une publicità ©, une rà ©clame, or un spot publicitaire. Blesser vs Bless Blesser means to wound, injure, or offend, while to bless  means bà ©nir. Bras vs Bras Le bras refers to an arm; bras in English  is the plural of bra - un soutien-gorge. Caractà ¨re vs Character Caractà ¨re refers only to the character or temperament of a person or thing: Cette maison a du caractà ¨re - This house has character. Character can mean both nature/temperament as well as a person in a play: Education develops character - Là ©ducation dà ©veloppe le caractà ¨reRomeo is a famous character - Romeo est un personnage cà ©lebre Cent vs Cent Cent is the French word for a hundred, while cent in English  can be figuratively translated by un sou. Literally, it is one-hundredth of a dollar. Chair vs Chair La chair means flesh. A chair can refer to une chaise, un fauteuil (armchair), or un sià ¨ge (seat). Chance vs Chance La chance means luck, while chance in English refers to un hasard, une possibilità ©, or une occasion. To say I didnt have a chance to... see Occasion vs Occasion, below. Christian vs Christian Christian is a masculine French name while Christian in English can be an adjective or a noun: (un) chrà ©tien. Coin vs Coin Le coin refers to a corner in every sense of the English word. It can also be used figuratively to mean from the area: là ©picier du coin - the local grocerVous à ªtes du coin ? - Are you from around here? A coin is a piece of metal used as money - une pià ¨ce de monnaie. Collà ¨ge vs College Le collà ¨ge and le lycà ©e both refer to high school: Mon collà ¨ge a 1 000 à ©là ¨ves - My high school has 1,000 students College is translated by università ©: This colleges tuition is very expensive - Les frais de scolarità © à   cette università © sont trà ¨s à ©levà ©s. Commander vs Command Commander is a  semi-false cognate. It means to make an order (command) as well as to order (request) a meal or goods/services. Une  commande  is translated by  order  in English. Command  can be translated by  commander,  ordonner, or  exiger. It is also a noun:  un  ordre  or  un  commandement. Con vs Con Con  is a vulgar word that literally refers to female genitalia. It usually means an  idiot, or is used as an adjective in the sense of  bloody  or  damned. Con  can be a noun - la  frime, une  escroquerie, or a verb -  duper,  escroquer. Pros and cons - le pour et le contre Crayon vs Crayon Un crayon is a  pencil, while a crayon  is as un crayon de couleur. The French language uses this expression for both crayon and colored pencil. Dà ©ception vs Deception Une dà ©ception is a  disappointment  or  let-down, while a deception  is une  tromperie  or  duperie. Demander vs Demand Demander means  to ask  for: Il  ma  demandà © de  chercher  son pull - He asked me to look for his sweater Note that the French noun  une  demande  does correspond to the English noun demand. To demand is usually translated by  exiger: He demanded that I look for his sweater - Il  a exigà ©Ã‚  que  je  cherche  son pull Dà ©ranger vs Derange Dà ©ranger can mean to  derange  (the mind), as well as to  bother,  disturb, or  disrupt. Excusez-moi  de  vous  dà ©ranger... - Im sorry for bothering you....   To derange  is used only when talking about mental health (usually as an adjective: deranged dà ©rangà ©). Douche vs Douche Une douche is a   shower, while douche  in English refers to a method of cleaning a body cavity with air or water:  lavage interne. Entrà ©e vs Entrà ©e Une entrà ©e is an  hors-doeuvre  or appetizer, while an entrà ©e refers to the main course of a meal: le plat principal. Envie vs Envy Avoir  envie  de  means  to want  or  to feel like  something: Je  nai  pas  envie  de  travailler  - I dont want to work / I dont feel like working The verb envier, however, does mean to envy. Envy means to be  jealous  or  desirous  of something belonging to another. The French verb is envier: I envy Johns courage - Jenvie le courage à   Jean Éventuellement vs Eventually Éventuellement means  possibly,  if need be, or  even: Vous  pouvez  Ãƒ ©ventuellement  prendre  ma  voiture  - You can even take my car / You can take my car if need be. Eventually indicates that an action will occur at a later time; it can be translated by  finalement,  Ãƒ   la  longue, or  tà ´t ou tard: I will eventually do it - Je le  ferai  finalement  / tà ´t ou tard Expà ©rience vs Experience Expà ©rience is a semi-false cognate, because it means both  experience  and  experiment: Jai fait une expà ©rience - I did an experimentJai  eu une expà ©rience intà ©ressante  - I had an interesting experience Experience can be a noun or verb  refering  to something that happened. Only the noun translates into expà ©rience: Experience shows that ... - Lexpà ©rience dà ©montre  que... He experienced some difficulties - Il a rencontrà © des difficultà ©s Finalement vs Finally Finalement means  eventually  or  in the end, while finally  is  enfin  or  en dernier lieu. Football vs Football Le football, or le foot, refers to  soccer  (in American English). In the US, football   le  football amà ©ricain. Formidable vs Formidable Formidable is an interesting  word  because it means  great  or  terrific; almost the opposite of the English. Ce film est  formidable !  - This is a great movie! Formidable in English means  dreadful  or  fearsome: The opposition is formidable - Lopposition est  redoutable/effrayante Gentil vs Gentle Gentil  usually means  nice  or  kind: Il a un  gentil  mot pour  chacun  - He has a kind word for everyone It can also mean good, as in: il  a à ©tà ©Ã‚  gentil  - he was a good boy Gentle can also mean  kind  but in the more physical sense of  soft  or  not rough. It can be translated by  doux,  aimable,  modà ©rà ©, or  là ©ger: He is gentle with his hands - Il a la main douceA gentle breeze -  une   brise  là ©gà ¨re Gratuità © vs Gratuity Gratuità ©Ã‚  refers to anything that is given for free: la gratuità © de là ©ducation - free education while a gratuity  is un  pourboire  or  une  gratification. Gros vs Gross Gros means  big,  fat,  heavy, or  serious: un  gros  problà ¨me - a big/serious problem Gross  means  grossier,  fruste, or (informally)  dà ©gueullasse. Ignorer vs Ignore Ignorer is a semi-false cognate. It nearly always means  to be ignorant or unaware  of something:   jignore  tout de  cette  affaire - I know nothing about this business To ignore means to deliberately not pay attention to someone or something. The usual translations are  ne  tenir  aucun  compte  de,  ne  pas  relever, and  ne  pas prà ªter attention à  . Librairie vs Library Une  librairie  refers to a  bookstore, while library in French is  une  bibliothà ¨que. Monnaie vs Money La  monnaie  can refer to  currency,  coin(age), or  change, and money is the general term for  argent. Napkin vs Napkin Un napkin refers to a  sanitary napkin. A napkin is correctly translated by   une  serviette. Occasion vs Occasion Occasion refers to a(n)  occasion,  circumstance,  opportunity, or  second-hand purchase. Une chemise  doccasion  - a  second-hand  or  used  shirt. Avoir  loccasion  de means  to have a/the chance  to:   Je  navais  pas  loccasion  de  lui  parler  - I didnt have a chance to talk to him. An occasion is une  occasion, un  Ãƒ ©và ©nement, or un  motif. Opportunità © vs Opportunity Opportunità © refers to  timeliness  or  appropriateness: Nous  discutons  de lopportunità ©Ã‚  daller  Ãƒ   la plage -  Were discussing the appropriateness of going to the beach (under the circumstances). Opportunity leans toward favorable circumstances for a particular action or event and is translated by  une  occasion: Its an opportunity to improve your French -  Cest  une  occasion de te  perfectionner  en franà §ais. Parti/Partie vs Party Un  parti  can refer to several different things: a  political party, an  option  or  course of action  (prendre  un  parti  - to  make a decision), or a  match  (i.e., Hes a good match for you). It is also the past participle of  partir  (to leave). Une  partie  can mean  a  part  (e.g.,  une  partie  du film - a  part of the film), a  field  or  subject, a  game  (e.g.,  une  partie  de  cartes  - a  game of cards), or a  party  in a trial. A party  usually refers to une  fà ªte,  soirà ©e, or  rà ©ception; un  correspondant  (on the phone), or  un groupe/une à ©quipe. Pià ¨ce vs Piece Une pià ¨ce is a semi-false cognate. It means  piece  only in the sense of broken pieces. Otherwise, it indicates a  room,  sheet of paper,  coin, or  play.   Piece  is a part of something - un  morceau  or  une  tranche. Professeur vs Professor Un  professeur  refers to a high school, college, or university  teacher  or  instructor, while a professor is un  professeur  titulaire  dune  chaire. Publicità © vs Publicity Publicità © is a semi-false cognate. In addition to  publicity, une publicità © can mean  advertising  in general, as well as a  commercial  or  advertisement. Publicity is translated by  de la publicità ©. Quitter vs Quit Quitter is a semi-false cognate: it means both  to leave  and  to quit  (i.e., leave something for good). When quit means to leave something for good, it is translated by  quitter. When it means to quit (stop) doing something, it is translated by  arrà ªter de: I need to quit smoking - Je  dois  arrà ªter de fumer. Raisin vs Raisin Un raisin is a  grape; a raisin is un  raisin sec. Rater vs Rate Rater means to  misfire,  miss,  mess  up,  or  fail, while  rate  is the noun  proportion  or  taux  or the verb  Ãƒ ©valuer  or  considà ©rer. Rà ©aliser vs Realize Rà ©aliser means to  fulfill  (a dream or aspiration) or  achieve. To realize  means  se rendre compte de,  prendre conscience de, or  comprendre. Rester vs Rest Rester is a semi-false cognate. It usually means  to stay  or  remain: Je  suis  restà ©e à   la  maison  - I stayed at the house When it is used idiomatically, it is translated by  rest: He refused to let the matter rest - Il  refusait  den  rester là   The verb to rest in the sense of getting some rest is translated by  se  reposer: Elle  ne  se  repose  jamais  - She never rests Rà ©union vs Reunion Une rà ©union can mean  collection,  gathering,  raising  (of money), or  reunion. A reunion  is  une  rà ©union, but note that it usually refers to a meeting of a group that has been separated for an extended period of time (e.g., class reunion, family reunion). Robe vs Robe Une robe is a  dress,  frock, or  gown, while a robe  is un  peignoir. Sale vs Sale Sale is an adjective -  dirty. Saler means to  salt. A sale  is  une vente  or  un solde. Sympathique vs Sympathetic Sympathique (often shortened to  sympa) means  nice,  likeable,  friendly,  kindly. Sympathetic  can be translated by  compatissant  or  de  sympathie. Type vs Type Un type  is informal for a  guy  or  bloke. In the normal register, it can mean  type,  kind, or  epitome. Quel type de  moto ?  - What kind of motorbike?Le type de là ©goà ¯sme - The epitome of selfishness. Type  means un  type, un  genre, une  espà ¨ce, une  sorte, une  marque, etc. Unique vs Unique The French word unique means  only  when it precedes a noun (unique  fille  -  only girl) and  unique  or  one of a kind  when it follows. In English, unique means  unique,  inimitable, or  exceptionnel. Zone vs Zone Une zone usually means a  zone  or an  area, but it can also refer to a  slum. A zone is  une  zone.