Friday, January 24, 2020
The Present Builds Upon the Past :: history
The Present Builds Upon the Past The world is far from perfect. However, through the years, it has improved in many ways. If I went back in time and changed the tiniest thing in history, it is possible for my life to be completely different today. If you don't believe me, read on because I've got hard proof. It's depressing to know there was a time when "blacks" and "whites" were seperated simply because of the color of their skin. We have moved forward, then stumbed backwards, but slowly we started building and here we are year 2001, where everyone, despite your race, have equal rights. I realize pejudice is still alive today, but you have to admit, things have improved. During the late 1800's "Jim Crow" laws or "Black Codes" were made offical. This law legally seperated "blacks" and "whites" in every day life. It was ridiculous, immature, and just flat out unreasonable. They used seperate public waiting rooms, restaurants, theaters, public parks, schools, hospitals, just to name the basics. We have every single abolitionists, civil rights activists, and all the other freedom-fighters who stuck up for their rights. You wouldn't believe how much one person can accomplish. It wasn't too long ago when women were denied some of the rights that men had, such as voting. People believed that women were better fit cooking, cleaning and taking care of the children at home, rather than going out to earn money. They also believed that men had a higher ability of learning than women, which was why their education was limited. In order to get all the rights women have today, it took much time, effort, and most of all, courage. Many brave women organized protests demanding for equal rights. It was a slow process but every little effort added up, and today, women can even run for President of the United States. Who knows? Many if it weren't for them, I wouldn't be writing this report, or be able to write at all. A more recent example in which we can more personally relate to, is the World Trade Center tragedy. The fact that we needed a tradegy to bring America togeather is sad, but at least we are here for each other when we really need each other. I know living thirteen years isn't much at all, but in that time, I have never seen America more united than in the last few weeks.
Thursday, January 16, 2020
Analysis of the Twelfth Planet
The Myth of a 12th Planet: A Brief Analysis of Cylinder Seal VA 243 Michael S. Heiser Ph. D. candidate, Hebrew Bible and Ancient Semitic Languages University of Wisconsin-Madison Introduction Readers of Zecharia Sitchinââ¬â¢s books, particularly The 12th Planet, will recognize the above seal, VA 243 (so named because it is number 243 in the collection of the Vorderasiatische Museum in Berlin). This seal is the centerpiece of Sitchinââ¬â¢s theory that the Sumerians had advanced astronomical knowledge of the planetary bodies in our solar system.This knowledge was allegedly given to the Sumerians by extraterrestrials, whom Sitchin identifies as the Anunnaki gods of Sumero-Mesopotamian mythology. In the upper left-hand corner of the seal, Sitchin argues, one sees the sun surrounded by eleven globes. Since ancient peoples (including the Sumerians according to Sitchin) held the sun and moon to be ââ¬Å"planets,â⬠these eleven globes plus the sun add up to twelve planets. Of cou rse, since we now know of nine planets plus our sun and moon, part of Sitchinââ¬â¢s argument is that the Sumerians knew of an extra planet beyond Pluto.This extra planet is considered by Sitchin to be Nibiru, an astronomical body mentioned in Mesopotamian texts. Sitchinââ¬â¢s works detail his contention that Nibiru passes through our solar system every 3600 years, and so some believers in Sitchinââ¬â¢s theory contend that Nibiru will return soon. Some followers of Sitchinââ¬â¢s ideas also refer to Nibiru as ââ¬Å"Planet Xâ⬠. Is Sitchin correct ââ¬â in whole or in part? Is Nibiru a 12th planet that will soon return? Does VA243 prove his thesis? Unfortunately for Sitchin and his followers, the answer to each of these questions is no. This paper will focus on the heart of his theory, VA243.Nibiru is the subject of another paper on my website. Method and Approach The study of cylinder seals is actually a very specialized sub-discipline within Sumerology and Assyrio logy. a It is possible to determine, through the efforts of cylinder seal specialists of the recent past and current experts, to decisively say that Sitchinââ¬â¢s interpretation of this seal is deeply flawed and lacks scholarly merit. In short, his theory is false and is unsupported by the seal itself. In the discussion that follows, I will demonstrate that VA243 in no way supports Sitchinââ¬â¢s ideas.My reasons / lines of argument for this are: 1) The inscription on the seal (left hand and right hand sides ââ¬â which are not discussed by Sitchin) says nothing about planets or any element of astronomy. Rather than offering an independent translation, I will defer to authorities on Sumerian seal inscriptions in this regard to avoid any charge of bias. 2) The alleged ââ¬Å"sunâ⬠symbol on the seal is not the sun. We know this because it does not conform to the consistent depiction of the sun in hundreds of other cylinder seals and examples of Sumero-Mesopotamian artwor k.I will describe the typical depiction (determined with certainty because it appears with texts about the sun god [Shamash Akkadian, known as Utu in Sumerian]) and provide image examples. Sources are provided for readers to check for themselves. The ââ¬Å"sunâ⬠symbol is actually a star (which in Mesopotamian art could have six or, more commonly, eight points). Lest the modern reader retort that ââ¬Å"well, the sun is a star,â⬠I offer several images where the star symbol and the sun symbol (which again, is not that in VA243) are side-by-side and distinct from one another.The Sumerians and Mesopotamians distinguished the sun from stars by using different symbols ââ¬â and associating each symbol with the sun god and other gods, respectively. There is simply no ancient Sumero-Akkadian evidence to support Sitchinââ¬â¢s identification. 3) If the ââ¬Å"sunâ⬠is not the sun, then what are the dots? The dots are also stars, as is best illustrated by the Sumerian-M esopotamian depiction of the Pleaides (seven dots together with reasonable astronomical accuracy since they are visible to the naked eye). b The Pleaides are actually one of the most frequently depicted astronomical features in SumeroMesopotamian art.As Sitchin points out (and this is corroborated by actual scholars in the field ââ¬â itââ¬â¢s common knowledge), stars were associated with or considered to be heavenly beings ââ¬â gods. In Sumero-Mesopotamian artwork, a star represents either a god or an astronomical body. The same can be said of the sun ââ¬â it can either reference the literal sun or the sun god. There are three possibilities as to what VA243 is depicting: (A) It is singling out a deity or special star and associating it with other stars in some sort of zodiacal representation. I donââ¬â¢t consider this likely because there are other far clearer representations of zodiacal constellations.Unless there are clear zodiacal connotations, a star was symbol ic of a deity, which brings us to the second option. (B) More probable is the idea that the central star stands for a deity that has some association with fertility (as in crops) since the inscription describes an offering made by a worshipper (who is named) to a seated god who is associated in the seal with fertile harvest. Since there are two other figures in the seal in addition to the seated god, and one is the offerer, the remaining figure is likely a deity also associated with the offering. In favor of this possibility are the ââ¬Å"implementsâ⬠aAn excellent general introduction is Dominique Collon, Cylinder Seals. I am not saying the star is depicted amid the Pleiades, only that the artistic depiction of the Pleiades provides an excellent example of ââ¬Å"dotsâ⬠= stars. The Pleiadean depiction is always seven dots/stars. b shown on the seal with respect to these two figures facing the seated god and the figureââ¬â¢s headdress. Also in its favor is the fact th at there are literally hundreds of such ââ¬Å"offering seals,â⬠and many have a star in upper proximity to the figuresââ¬â¢ heads, signifying the figure is a deity (see the example). C) Since the star is surrounded by eleven other stars (dots), the artistic depiction could stand for the lead god of the Mesopotamian divine council and its other eleven (upper tier) members. Recall that (as Sitchin again points out) the Mesopotamian council had 12 members. I have noted before that the 12 member council isnââ¬â¢t always consistent in Mesopotamian religion (at times eight gods are considered the council), but 12 is the more prevalent number. This thesis is attractive, but I canââ¬â¢t say there is much to commend it over option B.The reader might be thinking at this point, ââ¬Å"Well, isnââ¬â¢t the sun god the leader of the pantheon ââ¬â so if this symbology points to the divine council the center symbol could still be the sun? â⬠This would be an erroneous lin e of thought since in SumeroMesopotamian religion the sun god is NOT the high god; the high god is Anu (later, Marduk), not Shamash. These options are admittedly subjective, but one thing is certain ââ¬â the ââ¬Å"sunâ⬠symbol does not conform to the abundantly frequent symbol for the sun in SumeroMesopotamian art. We are not dealing with a depiction of the solar system.Astronomer Tom van Flandern pointed this out years ago anyway, since the sizes of the ââ¬Å"planetsâ⬠around the alleged sun do not conform to the correct sizes of the planets and there distances from the pseudo-sun are not depicted in such a way as to depict elliptical (or at least varying) orbits. The link to van Flandernââ¬â¢s critique is on my website. 4) There is not a single text in the entire corpus of Sumerian or Mesopotamian tablets in the world that tells us the Sumerians (or later inhabitants of Mesopotamia) knew there were more than five planets.This is quite a claim, but is demonstrabl e through the work of scholars who specialize in cuneiform astronomy. Below I list all the major works on cuneiform astronomy (catalogues of texts, dissertations / books) and invite readers to check them out of a library and look for themselves. Literally every cuneiform text that has any astronomical comment (even with respect to astrology and omens) has been translated, catalogued, indexed, and discussed in the available academic literature.The tablets are often quite detailed, even discussing mathematical calculations of the appearance of planetary bodies in the sky, on the horizon, and in relation to other stars. The field is by no means new, and is considerably developed. All of the above facets of the discussion are now offered in more detail with bibliography. I. The Inscriptions on VA 243 VA243 has three lines of text (ââ¬Å"line 1â⬠is actually repeated on both sides of the seal):The seal is transliterated (the Sumero-Akkadian signs in English letters) and translated in the principal publication of the Berlin Vorderasiatische Museumââ¬â¢s publication of its seal collection, Vorderasiatische Rollsiegel (ââ¬Å"West Asian Cylinder Sealsâ⬠; 1940) by Mesopotamian scholar Anton Moortgat on page 101. This book is in German, so I offer the German and an English translation: Line 1 = dub-si-ga ââ¬Å"Dubsigaâ⬠[a personal name of an apparently powerful personc] Line 2 = ili-il-la-at ââ¬Å"Ili-illatâ⬠[another personal name, this time of the sealââ¬â¢s owner] ââ¬Å"dein Knechtâ⬠[German for ââ¬Å"your servantâ⬠d] Line 3 = ir3-suSo the full (rather boring) inscription of VA243 reads: ââ¬Å"Dubsiga, Ili-illat, your/his servant. â⬠Nothing in the inscription suggests anything remotely to do with astronomy or planets. In an email correspondence with Dr. Rudi Mayr, whose dissertation was on cylinder seals, Dr. Mayr commented on the inscriptions and the seal [and I interject a few comments in blue]: ââ¬Å"The seated fig ure is a god; the ââ¬Ëflouncedââ¬â¢ garment is normal for deities (though kings start wearing them a little later); deities also have the distinctive headdress. Most scholars call it a ââ¬Ëhornedââ¬â¢ headdress, but Iââ¬â¢ve always thought it looked more like flames than horns.Ancient texts often refer to deities having a bright, shining, brilliant aspect [this is true across the ancient near east ââ¬â witness the ââ¬Å"shining oneâ⬠terminology I discuss in The Facade and in several papers on my website]; they donââ¬â¢t mention horns . . . The introducing figure also has the ââ¬Ëhornsââ¬â¢ of divinityâ⬠[this is a strong contextual argument that the symbol ââ¬â again, itââ¬â¢s not the ââ¬Å"sunâ⬠ââ¬â to the upper left of the introducing figure is a star. Precisely because they SHINE, stars were associated with deities. Shamash, the sun god, had his own symbol of the sun.See below for what it looked like]. c Personal email com munication on Dubsiga with Dr. Rudi Mayr, whose dissertation was on cylinder seals. Dr. Mayr is also the source of the comment on the second line, which conforms to typical cylinder seal patterns. d Dr. Mayr noted to me in an email that the third line might also read ââ¬Å"his servantâ⬠, which was his preference. II. The ââ¬Å"Sunâ⬠Symbol This is perhaps the biggest problem with Sitchinââ¬â¢s interpretation of VA243 signifying the solar system. Simply put, if the central symbol in his solar system isnââ¬â¢t the sun, the interpretation collapses completely.Thereââ¬â¢s actually a good deal of evidence to demonstrate decisively that Sitchin is wrong here. Toward offering that evidence, weââ¬â¢ll first introduce a few general comments on Sumero-Akkadian symbols and move to the specifics. A. General Comments Like all ancient religions, Sumero-Mesopotamian religion had a great concern with heavenly bodies that could be observed with the naked eye. In particular, t he sun, moon, and Venus were important focus points because of their ease of visibility, and each was artistically symbolized and stood for a deity.In Sumer-Mesopotamian religion, the sun god symbology was very clear: Sun god = Shamash (Utu in the Sumerian languagee) The symbol of the sun god in Sumero-Mesopotamian religion was a central circle with four extended ââ¬Å"armsâ⬠with wavy lines in between each ââ¬Å"armâ⬠(most common), or a circle with only wavy lines. The entire symbol was itself nearly always [I donââ¬â¢t know any exceptions, but there may be one ââ¬â just being cautious here] inside a circle, as below:f The reader should note immediately that this is NOT the symbol on VA243.VA 243ââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"pseudo-sunâ⬠lacks the wavy lines and is not set inside a circle. This sun symbol is ubiquitous in Sumero-Mesopotamian religious artwork. The other common symbol for the sun god was the god in flight upon a set of wings (a depiction akin to the wing ed disc in Egyptian religion). e See Jeremy Black, Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary (University of Texas Press, in conjunction with the British Museum, 1992): 168. This is an excellent reference source. Dr. Black is a well known Sumerian scholar.He was formerly the Director of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq and is now university lecturer in Akkadian and Sumerian at Wolfson College, Oxford. f See above source, p. 168. The above classic solar disk iconography in Sumero-Mesopotamian religion is contrasted with the star symbol, used to symbolize either stars in constellations, any deity (the star is either over the deityââ¬â¢s head or above it to the left of right), or Ishtar (Sumerian Inana), who stood for Venus, the most visible object in the sky aside from the sun and moon:g Note that this example has eight points.This is the most frequently attested style in Sumero-Mesopotamian religious art. The star also is found with six (l ike VA 243) or seven points, and the points even vary within the same seal or stela carving. It wasnââ¬â¢t consistent in points, but what the symbol stood for was consistent ââ¬â either a star, planet, or deity ââ¬â but NOT the sun. The star symbol is either set within a circle or, far more often, not within a circle. It is clearly distinct from the sun symbol. How do I know that the symbol of VA 243 is a star and not the sun disk?Other than the obvious noted above ââ¬â that VA 243 does not have the wavy lines between the ââ¬Å"armsâ⬠of the symbol and is not set within a circle ââ¬â Sumero-Mesopotamian religion often grouped the symbols for the sun god with that of the moon god (Akkadian = Sin; Sumerian = Nanna) and Ishtar (Sumerian = Inana). This isnââ¬â¢t surprising since they were so readily viewed. In short, they didnââ¬â¢t confuse the symbols and neither should we. This grouped threesome is very prevalent in Sumero-Mesopotamian art, and compels t he observation that the sun symbol and star symbol were distinguished from each other:Source: Ursula Seidl, Die Babylonischen Kudurru Reliefs, Tafel 11, Zweite Gruppe, stela ââ¬Å"aâ⬠= The Babylonian Kudurru Reliefs, Plate 11, 2nd Group, stela ââ¬Å"aâ⬠. Note the wavy lines and encircled sun symbol on the right. Ursula Seidl, Die Babylonischen Kudurru Reliefs, Tafel 19, Vierte Gruppe, stela ââ¬Å"bâ⬠= The Babylonian Kudurru Reliefs, Plate 19, 4th Group, relief ââ¬Å"bâ⬠. Note the wavy lines and encircled sun symbol on the lower right. g See Black, 143. The symbols for sun and star/planet are also distinguished clearly in zodiacal artwork from Mesopotamia:The sun symbol (Left) and star symbol (Right) are next to each other under the snake (Draco). Note the wavy lines of the sun symbol Source: Ursula Seidl, Die Babylonischen Kudurru Reliefs, p. 47 = The Babylonian Kudurru Reliefs, p. 47 Here is a close-up of the sun (L) and star (R) symbol above. Note that th e star in this case has eight points: A second zodiac example: The sun symbol (center) and star symbol (R of center) are next to each other under the snakeââ¬â¢s tail. Note the wavy lines of the sun symbol Source: Ursula Seidl, Die Babylonischen Kudurru Reliefs, p. 0 = The Babylonian Kudurru Reliefs, p. 60 In the above example, note that: (1) the star has seven points, and (b) the stars below it have six points. Note also that these smaller stars also LACK points ââ¬â they are just dots. This seven dot/circle arrangement is one of the most common motifs in Mesopotamian art, and denote the Pleiades. The point here is that dots = stars in Mesopotamian art when in an astronomical context (or a context where a deity is identified with a star). This is important for our consideration of VA 243. Again, here is a close-up: A third zodiac example:Note that the star symbol here has six points as does the VA 243 star. Source: Ursula Seidl, Die Babylonischen Kudurru Reliefs, p. 23 = The Babylonian Kudurru Reliefs, p. 23 Some commentary on this last example is in order. The previous two examples clearly are in zodiac context, as is this one. Those previous two examples clearly have the sun symbol drawn in a manner consistent with expected Sumero-Mesopotamian features (wavy lines, encircled) that unmistakably distinguishes the sun from the star symbol. The star symbol signifies the same astronomical body in each case, yet the number of points varies.This means that the number of points is unimportant for identifying the star symbol as a STAR or planet, NOT the sun. Hence one cannot say, ââ¬Å"well the star symbol usually has eight points, and the Sitchin seal has six, therefore itââ¬â¢s not a star but the sun. â⬠This is erroneous because these examples demonstrate clearly that a star symbol can have 6, 7, or 8 pts. , and LACKS wavy lines. The symbol on Sitchinââ¬â¢s VA 243 is NOT the sun. It is a star, and thus denotes a star, a god, or a single planet. This isnââ¬â¢t my opinion, itââ¬â¢s the Sumero-Mesopotamian art convention.Letââ¬â¢s move on to some cylinder seal examples of star symbols. As noted above, the star was designed to signify a deity or literal star or planet. Hereââ¬â¢s an example of a cylinder seal with Ishtar signaled as the deity by a star: Source: Henri Frankfort, Cylinder Seals: A Documentary Essay on the Art and Religion of the Ancient Near East (London: MacMillan and Co. , 1939): Plate XXVI-seal L In this example, the obvious star symbol has eight points, and is very similar in design to the star symbol of VA 243. We know itââ¬â¢s a star and not the sun because the goddess depicted is Ishtar. Another star symbol of very similar design to VA 243 is shown below:i The upper left-hand side of this seal contains the winged sun disk above the head of what scholars refer to as a ââ¬Å"scorpion manâ⬠(note his tail). Just to the right of the winged disk is our star symbol. This time the star has seven points, and is quite similar to VA 243. Note as well h See the discussion in Frankfort (pp. 177-178, 236, 254) and Black, p. 168. See also the magisterial survey: E. Douglas van Buren, Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art, Analecta Orientalia 23 (Pontificum Institutum Biblicum, 1945): 8485. Frankfort, Plate XXXIII ââ¬â seal b. the far upper right corner ââ¬â the seven stars grouped together are the Pleiades (to which we will return in our discussion). Below are several examples of seals with six pointed stars: (Frankfort, Plate XXXIII ââ¬â seal d): Comments: Note the six-pointed stars in the upper left and upper right corners. In both cases, note the presence of accompanying ââ¬Å"dotsâ⬠in groups of seven ââ¬â again, the Pleiades (the ââ¬Å"extra dotâ⬠over the head of the smaller standing figure denotes a deity as it is a star).The seven dots = the seven stars of the Pleiades (the dots were interchangeable with pointed stars to denote stars). A s E. Douglas van Buren, an expert on Sumerian and Mesopotamian art comments: ââ¬Å"In the earliest representations of the 7 dots as yet known it can be seen that . . . they formed a ring or rosette around a central dot . . . [From] the early Babylonian period onwards it is increasingly common to find the 7 dots arranged like stars in the constellation of the Pleiades, and in the last quarter of the second millennium the dots are shaped for the first time as stars. j This observation is important because it demonstrates that the ââ¬Å"pointed star + Pleiadesâ⬠pattern does not require a certain number of points on the stars. Recall that the same situation was true with the zodiac ââ¬â it does not matter how many points a star symbol has ââ¬â itââ¬â¢s a star, not the sun. Another example: j E. Douglas van Buren, ââ¬Å"The Seven Dots in Mesopotamian Art and Their Meaning,â⬠Archiv fur Orientforschung XIII (1941): 277; see also E. Douglas van Buren, Symbols of th e Gods in Mesopotamian Art, 74ff. and E.Douglas van Buren, ââ¬Å"The Rosette in Mesopotamian Art,â⬠Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie and vorderasiatische Archaeologie, new series, vol. 11 (1939, vol. 45 from old series): 104ff. (Frankfort, Plate XXXV ââ¬â seal h): In this seal the star has six points surrounding a central dot. Note again the Pleiades symbol (see below under the next point on the ââ¬Å"dotsâ⬠in VA 243). Before leaving the discussion of the star symbol, take note of the close similarity in style between the star on VA 243 that Sitchin says is the sun and the star symbols we have noted above: Frankfort XXXIII-b VA 243Ishtar star Now compare these with the actual sun symbol: III. The Surrounding ââ¬Å"Dotsâ⬠As I asked in the introduction to this paper, if Sitchinââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"sunâ⬠is not a sun, then what are the dots? The most apparent answer, based on the examples above, is that they too are stars. We have already seen that dots were used t o depict the stars of the Pleiades, and showed that the seven dots = the seven star symbols elsewhere used for the same constellation. We also saw above in the seal of Frankfort Plate XXXIII-d that a single pointed star can be associated with dots which are also stars.It is almost that the ââ¬Å"star + seven dotsâ⬠symbology is saying, ââ¬Å"constellation = Pleiades. â⬠There is therefore abundant precedent for asserting that these dots in VA243 are stars. It could be that this seal is ââ¬Å"sayingâ⬠: ââ¬Å"Constellation = the one with 11 starsâ⬠. Since I donââ¬â¢t know astronomy well, Iââ¬â¢ll let the reader ponder that one. The introduction also noted that the symbology of the seal could just point to a deity and perhaps the divine council. Enough said on that. IV. On Sumerian or Mesopotamian Astronomical KnowledgeIn this regard I offer the reader an opportunity to challenge my assertion above (and I am just quoting specialists in cuneiform astronomic al tablets) that there is not a single text in the entire corpus of Sumerian or Mesopotamian tablets in the world that says the Sumerians or Mesopotamians knew of more than five planets. Below are bibliographical references that anyone can access (the scholarly, dissertation level materials that one needs some knowledge of semitic languages and/or cuneiform, as well as a background in mathematics or astronomy, to really use are noted in their own category).In my paper on Nibiru (available on my website), Iââ¬â¢ll briefly go into what the Sumerians and Mesopotamians knew about the planets. For now, though, giving the reader these sources will suffice. General Sources: Francesca Rochberg, ââ¬Å"Astronomy and Calendars in Ancient Mesopotamia,â⬠Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. III, pp. 1925-1940 (ed. , Jack Sasson, 2000) Bartel L. van der Waerden, Science Awakening, vol. 2: The Birth of Astronomy (1974) Technical but Still Readable Wayne Horowitz, Mesopotamian Cosm ic Geography (1998) N. M.Swerdlow, Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination (2000) Scholarly (Technical) Resources: Otto Neugebauer, The Exact Sciences in Antiquity (1953) Otto Neugebauer, Astronomical Cuneiform Texts (1955) Erica Reiner and David Pingree, Enuma Elish Enlil Tablet 63, The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa (1975) Hermann Hunger and David Pingree, MUL. APIN: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform (1989) Hermann Hunger and David Pingree, Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia (1999) N. Swerdlow, The Babylonian Theory of the Planets (1998) David Brown, Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology (2000)
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
Faux Amis False Cognates of French and English
French and English have hundreds of cognates (words which look and/or are pronounced alike in the two languages), including true (similar meanings), false (different meanings), and semi-false (some similar and some different meanings). A list of hundreds of false cognates can be a bit unwieldy, so here is an abridged list of the most common false cognates in French and English. Common False Cognates in French and English Actuellement vs Actually Actuellement means at the present time and should be translated as currently or right now: Je travaille actuellement - I am currently working A related word is actuel, which means present or current: le problà ¨me actuel - the current/present problem Actually means in fact and should be translated as en fait or à vrai dire. Actually, I dont know him - En fait, je ne le connais pas Actual means real or true, and depending on the context can be translated as rà ©el, và ©ritable, positif, or concret: The actual value - la valeur rà ©elle Assister vs Assist Assister à nearly always means to attend something: Jai assistà © à la confà ©rence - I attended (went to) the conference To assist means to help or aid someone or something: I assisted the woman into the building - Jai aidà © la dame à entrer dans limmeuble Attendre vs Attend Attendre à means to wait for: Nous avons attendu pendant deux heures - We waited for two hours. To attend is translated by assister (see above): I attended the conference - Jai assistà © à la confà ©rence Avertissement vs Advertisement Un avertissement is a warning or caution, from the verb avertir - to warn. An advertisementà is une publicità ©, une rà ©clame, or un spot publicitaire. Blesser vs Bless Blesser means to wound, injure, or offend, while to blessà means bà ©nir. Bras vs Bras Le bras refers to an arm; bras in Englishà is the plural of bra - un soutien-gorge. Caractà ¨re vs Character Caractà ¨re refers only to the character or temperament of a person or thing: Cette maison a du caractà ¨re - This house has character. Character can mean both nature/temperament as well as a person in a play: Education develops character - Là ©ducation dà ©veloppe le caractà ¨reRomeo is a famous character - Romeo est un personnage cà ©lebre Cent vs Cent Cent is the French word for a hundred, while cent in Englishà can be figuratively translated by un sou. Literally, it is one-hundredth of a dollar. Chair vs Chair La chair means flesh. A chair can refer to une chaise, un fauteuil (armchair), or un sià ¨ge (seat). Chance vs Chance La chance means luck, while chance in English refers to un hasard, une possibilità ©, or une occasion. To say I didnt have a chance to... see Occasion vs Occasion, below. Christian vs Christian Christian is a masculine French name while Christian in English can be an adjective or a noun: (un) chrà ©tien. Coin vs Coin Le coin refers to a corner in every sense of the English word. It can also be used figuratively to mean from the area: là ©picier du coin - the local grocerVous à ªtes du coin ? - Are you from around here? A coin is a piece of metal used as money - une pià ¨ce de monnaie. Collà ¨ge vs College Le collà ¨ge and le lycà ©e both refer to high school: Mon collà ¨ge a 1 000 à ©là ¨ves - My high school has 1,000 students College is translated by università ©: This colleges tuition is very expensive - Les frais de scolarità © à cette università © sont trà ¨s à ©levà ©s. Commander vs Command Commander is aà semi-false cognate. It means to make an order (command) as well as to order (request) a meal or goods/services. Uneà commandeà is translated byà orderà in English. Commandà can be translated byà commander,à ordonner, orà exiger. It is also a noun:à unà ordreà orà unà commandement. Con vs Con Conà is a vulgar word that literally refers to female genitalia. It usually means anà idiot, or is used as an adjective in the sense ofà bloodyà orà damned. Conà can be a noun - laà frime, uneà escroquerie, or a verb -à duper,à escroquer. Pros and cons - le pour et le contre Crayon vs Crayon Un crayon is aà pencil, while a crayonà is as un crayon de couleur. The French language uses this expression for both crayon and colored pencil. Dà ©ception vs Deception Une dà ©ception is aà disappointmentà orà let-down, while a deceptionà is uneà tromperieà orà duperie. Demander vs Demand Demander meansà to askà for: Ilà maà demandà © deà chercherà son pull - He asked me to look for his sweater Note that the French nounà uneà demandeà does correspond to the English noun demand. To demand is usually translated byà exiger: He demanded that I look for his sweater - Ilà a exigà ©Ã queà jeà chercheà son pull Dà ©ranger vs Derange Dà ©ranger can mean toà derangeà (the mind), as well as toà bother,à disturb, orà disrupt. Excusez-moià deà vousà dà ©ranger... - Im sorry for bothering you....à To derangeà is used only when talking about mental health (usually as an adjective: deranged dà ©rangà ©). Douche vs Douche Une douche is aà shower, while doucheà in English refers to a method of cleaning a body cavity with air or water:à lavage interne. Entrà ©e vs Entrà ©e Une entrà ©e is anà hors-doeuvreà or appetizer, while an entrà ©e refers to the main course of a meal: le plat principal. Envie vs Envy Avoirà envieà deà meansà to wantà orà to feel likeà something: Jeà naià pasà envieà deà travaillerà - I dont want to work / I dont feel like working The verb envier, however, does mean to envy. Envy means to beà jealousà orà desirousà of something belonging to another. The French verb is envier: I envy Johns courage - Jenvie le courage à Jean Ãâ°ventuellement vs Eventually Ãâ°ventuellement meansà possibly,à if need be, orà even: Vousà pouvezà à ©ventuellementà prendreà maà voitureà - You can even take my car / You can take my car if need be. Eventually indicates that an action will occur at a later time; it can be translated byà finalement,à à laà longue, orà tà ´t ou tard: I will eventually do it - Je leà feraià finalementà / tà ´t ou tard Expà ©rience vs Experience Expà ©rience is a semi-false cognate, because it means bothà experienceà andà experiment: Jai fait une expà ©rience - I did an experimentJaià eu une expà ©rience intà ©ressanteà - I had an interesting experience Experience can be a noun or verbà referingà to something that happened. Only the noun translates into expà ©rience: Experience shows that ... - Lexpà ©rience dà ©montreà que... He experienced some difficulties - Il a rencontrà © des difficultà ©s Finalement vs Finally Finalement meansà eventuallyà orà in the end, while finallyà isà enfinà orà en dernier lieu. Football vs Football Le football, or le foot, refers toà soccerà (in American English). In the US, footballà leà football amà ©ricain. Formidable vs Formidable Formidable is an interestingà wordà because it meansà greatà orà terrific; almost the opposite of the English. Ce film està formidable !à - This is a great movie! Formidable in English meansà dreadfulà orà fearsome: The opposition is formidable - Lopposition està redoutable/effrayante Gentil vs Gentle Gentilà usually meansà niceà orà kind: Il a unà gentilà mot pourà chacunà - He has a kind word for everyone It can also mean good, as in: ilà a à ©tà ©Ã gentilà - he was a good boy Gentle can also meanà kindà but in the more physical sense ofà softà orà not rough. It can be translated byà doux,à aimable,à modà ©rà ©, orà là ©ger: He is gentle with his hands - Il a la main douceA gentle breeze -à uneà briseà là ©gà ¨re Gratuità © vs Gratuity Gratuità ©Ã refers to anything that is given for free: la gratuità © de là ©ducation - free education while a gratuityà is unà pourboireà orà uneà gratification. Gros vs Gross Gros meansà big,à fat,à heavy, orà serious: unà grosà problà ¨me - a big/serious problem Grossà meansà grossier,à fruste, or (informally)à dà ©gueullasse. Ignorer vs Ignore Ignorer is a semi-false cognate. It nearly always meansà to be ignorant or unawareà of something:à jignoreà tout deà cetteà affaire - I know nothing about this business To ignore means to deliberately not pay attention to someone or something. The usual translations areà neà tenirà aucunà compteà de,à neà pasà relever, andà neà pas prà ªter attention à . Librairie vs Library Uneà librairieà refers to aà bookstore, while library in French isà uneà bibliothà ¨que. Monnaie vs Money Laà monnaieà can refer toà currency,à coin(age), orà change, and money is the general term forà argent. Napkin vs Napkin Un napkin refers to aà sanitary napkin. A napkin is correctly translated byà uneà serviette. Occasion vs Occasion Occasion refers to a(n)à occasion,à circumstance,à opportunity, orà second-hand purchase. Une chemiseà doccasionà - aà second-handà orà usedà shirt. Avoirà loccasionà de meansà to have a/the chanceà to:à Jeà navaisà pasà loccasionà deà luià parlerà - I didnt have a chance to talk to him. An occasion is uneà occasion, unà à ©và ©nement, or unà motif. Opportunità © vs Opportunity Opportunità © refers toà timelinessà orà appropriateness: Nousà discutonsà de lopportunità ©Ã dallerà à la plage -à Were discussing the appropriateness of going to the beach (under the circumstances). Opportunity leans toward favorable circumstances for a particular action or event and is translated byà uneà occasion: Its an opportunity to improve your French -à Cestà uneà occasion de teà perfectionnerà en franà §ais. Parti/Partie vs Party Unà partià can refer to several different things: aà political party, anà optionà orà course of actionà (prendreà unà partià - toà make a decision), or aà matchà (i.e., Hes a good match for you). It is also the past participle ofà partirà (to leave). Uneà partieà can meanà aà partà (e.g.,à uneà partieà du film - aà part of the film), aà fieldà orà subject, aà gameà (e.g.,à uneà partieà deà cartesà - aà game of cards), or aà partyà in a trial. A partyà usually refers to uneà fà ªte,à soirà ©e, orà rà ©ception; unà correspondantà (on the phone), orà un groupe/une à ©quipe. Pià ¨ce vs Piece Une pià ¨ce is a semi-false cognate. It meansà pieceà only in the sense of broken pieces. Otherwise, it indicates aà room,à sheet of paper,à coin, orà play.à Pieceà is a part of something - unà morceauà orà uneà tranche. Professeur vs Professor Unà professeurà refers to a high school, college, or universityà teacherà orà instructor, while a professor is unà professeurà titulaireà duneà chaire. Publicità © vs Publicity Publicità © is a semi-false cognate. In addition toà publicity, une publicità © can meanà advertisingà in general, as well as aà commercialà orà advertisement. Publicity is translated byà de la publicità ©. Quitter vs Quit Quitter is a semi-false cognate: it means bothà to leaveà andà to quità (i.e., leave something for good). When quit means to leave something for good, it is translated byà quitter. When it means to quit (stop) doing something, it is translated byà arrà ªter de: I need to quit smoking - Jeà doisà arrà ªter de fumer. Raisin vs Raisin Un raisin is aà grape; a raisin is unà raisin sec. Rater vs Rate Rater means toà misfire,à miss,à messà up,à orà fail, whileà rateà is the nounà proportionà orà tauxà or the verbà à ©valuerà orà considà ©rer. Rà ©aliser vs Realize Rà ©aliser means toà fulfillà (a dream or aspiration) orà achieve. To realizeà meansà se rendre compte de,à prendre conscience de, orà comprendre. Rester vs Rest Rester is a semi-false cognate. It usually meansà to stayà orà remain: Jeà suisà restà ©e à laà maisonà - I stayed at the house When it is used idiomatically, it is translated byà rest: He refused to let the matter rest - Ilà refusaità denà rester là The verb to rest in the sense of getting some rest is translated byà seà reposer: Elleà neà seà reposeà jamaisà - She never rests Rà ©union vs Reunion Une rà ©union can meanà collection,à gathering,à raisingà (of money), orà reunion. A reunionà isà uneà rà ©union, but note that it usually refers to a meeting of a group that has been separated for an extended period of time (e.g., class reunion, family reunion). Robe vs Robe Une robe is aà dress,à frock, orà gown, while a robeà is unà peignoir. Sale vs Sale Sale is an adjective -à dirty. Saler means toà salt. A saleà isà une venteà orà un solde. Sympathique vs Sympathetic Sympathique (often shortened toà sympa) meansà nice,à likeable,à friendly,à kindly. Sympatheticà can be translated byà compatissantà orà deà sympathie. Type vs Type Un typeà is informal for aà guyà orà bloke. In the normal register, it can meanà type,à kind, orà epitome. Quel type deà moto ?à - What kind of motorbike?Le type de là ©goà ¯sme - The epitome of selfishness. Typeà means unà type, unà genre, uneà espà ¨ce, uneà sorte, uneà marque, etc. Unique vs Unique The French word unique meansà onlyà when it precedes a noun (uniqueà filleà -à only girl) andà uniqueà orà one of a kindà when it follows. In English, unique meansà unique,à inimitable, orà exceptionnel. Zone vs Zone Une zone usually means aà zoneà or anà area, but it can also refer to aà slum. A zone isà uneà zone.
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